""" A lightweight Traits like module. This is designed to provide a lightweight, simple, pure Python version of many of the capabilities of enthought.traits. This includes: * Validation * Type specification with defaults * Static and dynamic notification * Basic predefined types * An API that is similar to enthought.traits We don't support: * Delegation * Automatic GUI generation * A full set of trait types. Most importantly, we don't provide container traits (list, dict, tuple) that can trigger notifications if their contents change. * API compatibility with enthought.traits There are also some important difference in our design: * enthought.traits does not validate default values. We do. We choose to create this module because we need these capabilities, but we need them to be pure Python so they work in all Python implementations, including Jython and IronPython. Inheritance diagram: .. inheritance-diagram:: traitlets.traitlets :parts: 3 """ # Copyright (c) IPython Development Team. # Distributed under the terms of the Modified BSD License. # # Adapted from enthought.traits, Copyright (c) Enthought, Inc., # also under the terms of the Modified BSD License. import contextlib import enum import inspect import os import re import sys import types import typing as t from ast import literal_eval from warnings import warn, warn_explicit from .utils.bunch import Bunch from .utils.descriptions import add_article, class_of, describe, repr_type from .utils.getargspec import getargspec from .utils.importstring import import_item from .utils.sentinel import Sentinel SequenceTypes = (list, tuple, set, frozenset) # backward compatibility, use to differ between Python 2 and 3. ClassTypes = (type,) # exports: __all__ = [ "All", "Any", "BaseDescriptor", "Bool", "Bytes", "CBool", "CBytes", "CComplex", "CFloat", "CInt", "CLong", "CRegExp", "CUnicode", "Callable", "CaselessStrEnum", "ClassBasedTraitType", "Complex", "Container", "DefaultHandler", "Dict", "DottedObjectName", "Enum", "EventHandler", "Float", "ForwardDeclaredInstance", "ForwardDeclaredMixin", "ForwardDeclaredType", "FuzzyEnum", "HasDescriptors", "HasTraits", "Instance", "Int", "Integer", "List", "Long", "MetaHasDescriptors", "MetaHasTraits", "ObjectName", "ObserveHandler", "Set", "TCPAddress", "This", "TraitError", "TraitType", "Tuple", "Type", "Unicode", "Undefined", "Union", "UseEnum", "ValidateHandler", "default", "directional_link", "dlink", "link", "observe", "observe_compat", "parse_notifier_name", "validate", ] # any TraitType subclass (that doesn't start with _) will be added automatically # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Basic classes # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- Undefined = Sentinel( "Undefined", "traitlets", """ Used in Traitlets to specify that no defaults are set in kwargs """, ) All = Sentinel( "All", "traitlets", """ Used in Traitlets to listen to all types of notification or to notifications from all trait attributes. """, ) # Deprecated alias NoDefaultSpecified = Undefined class TraitError(Exception): pass # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Utilities # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- _name_re = re.compile(r"[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$") def isidentifier(s): return s.isidentifier() _deprecations_shown = set() def _should_warn(key): """Add our own checks for too many deprecation warnings. Limit to once per package. """ env_flag = os.environ.get("TRAITLETS_ALL_DEPRECATIONS") if env_flag and env_flag != "0": return True if key not in _deprecations_shown: _deprecations_shown.add(key) return True else: return False def _deprecated_method(method, cls, method_name, msg): """Show deprecation warning about a magic method definition. Uses warn_explicit to bind warning to method definition instead of triggering code, which isn't relevant. """ warn_msg = "{classname}.{method_name} is deprecated in traitlets 4.1: {msg}".format( classname=cls.__name__, method_name=method_name, msg=msg ) for parent in inspect.getmro(cls): if method_name in parent.__dict__: cls = parent break # limit deprecation messages to once per package package_name = cls.__module__.split(".", 1)[0] key = (package_name, msg) if not _should_warn(key): return try: fname = inspect.getsourcefile(method) or "" lineno = inspect.getsourcelines(method)[1] or 0 except (OSError, TypeError) as e: # Failed to inspect for some reason warn(warn_msg + ("\n(inspection failed) %s" % e), DeprecationWarning) else: warn_explicit(warn_msg, DeprecationWarning, fname, lineno) def _safe_literal_eval(s): """Safely evaluate an expression Returns original string if eval fails. Use only where types are ambiguous. """ try: return literal_eval(s) except (NameError, SyntaxError, ValueError): return s def is_trait(t): """Returns whether the given value is an instance or subclass of TraitType.""" return isinstance(t, TraitType) or (isinstance(t, type) and issubclass(t, TraitType)) def parse_notifier_name(names): """Convert the name argument to a list of names. Examples -------- >>> parse_notifier_name([]) [traitlets.All] >>> parse_notifier_name("a") ['a'] >>> parse_notifier_name(["a", "b"]) ['a', 'b'] >>> parse_notifier_name(All) [traitlets.All] """ if names is All or isinstance(names, str): return [names] else: if not names or All in names: return [All] for n in names: if not isinstance(n, str): raise TypeError("names must be strings, not %r" % n) return names class _SimpleTest: def __init__(self, value): self.value = value def __call__(self, test): return test == self.value def __repr__(self): return ">> class X(HasTraits): ... value = Int() >>> src = X(value=1) >>> tgt = X(value=42) >>> c = link((src, "value"), (tgt, "value")) Setting source updates target objects: >>> src.value = 5 >>> tgt.value 5 """ updating = False def __init__(self, source, target, transform=None): _validate_link(source, target) self.source, self.target = source, target self._transform, self._transform_inv = transform if transform else (lambda x: x,) * 2 self.link() def link(self): try: setattr( self.target[0], self.target[1], self._transform(getattr(self.source[0], self.source[1])), ) finally: self.source[0].observe(self._update_target, names=self.source[1]) self.target[0].observe(self._update_source, names=self.target[1]) @contextlib.contextmanager def _busy_updating(self): self.updating = True try: yield finally: self.updating = False def _update_target(self, change): if self.updating: return with self._busy_updating(): setattr(self.target[0], self.target[1], self._transform(change.new)) if getattr(self.source[0], self.source[1]) != change.new: raise TraitError( "Broken link {}: the source value changed while updating " "the target.".format(self) ) def _update_source(self, change): if self.updating: return with self._busy_updating(): setattr(self.source[0], self.source[1], self._transform_inv(change.new)) if getattr(self.target[0], self.target[1]) != change.new: raise TraitError( "Broken link {}: the target value changed while updating " "the source.".format(self) ) def unlink(self): self.source[0].unobserve(self._update_target, names=self.source[1]) self.target[0].unobserve(self._update_source, names=self.target[1]) class directional_link: """Link the trait of a source object with traits of target objects. Parameters ---------- source : (object, attribute name) pair target : (object, attribute name) pair transform: callable (optional) Data transformation between source and target. Examples -------- >>> class X(HasTraits): ... value = Int() >>> src = X(value=1) >>> tgt = X(value=42) >>> c = directional_link((src, "value"), (tgt, "value")) Setting source updates target objects: >>> src.value = 5 >>> tgt.value 5 Setting target does not update source object: >>> tgt.value = 6 >>> src.value 5 """ updating = False def __init__(self, source, target, transform=None): self._transform = transform if transform else lambda x: x _validate_link(source, target) self.source, self.target = source, target self.link() def link(self): try: setattr( self.target[0], self.target[1], self._transform(getattr(self.source[0], self.source[1])), ) finally: self.source[0].observe(self._update, names=self.source[1]) @contextlib.contextmanager def _busy_updating(self): self.updating = True try: yield finally: self.updating = False def _update(self, change): if self.updating: return with self._busy_updating(): setattr(self.target[0], self.target[1], self._transform(change.new)) def unlink(self): self.source[0].unobserve(self._update, names=self.source[1]) dlink = directional_link # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Base Descriptor Class # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- class BaseDescriptor: """Base descriptor class Notes ----- This implements Python's descriptor protocol. This class is the base class for all such descriptors. The only magic we use is a custom metaclass for the main :class:`HasTraits` class that does the following: 1. Sets the :attr:`name` attribute of every :class:`BaseDescriptor` instance in the class dict to the name of the attribute. 2. Sets the :attr:`this_class` attribute of every :class:`BaseDescriptor` instance in the class dict to the *class* that declared the trait. This is used by the :class:`This` trait to allow subclasses to accept superclasses for :class:`This` values. """ name: t.Optional[str] = None this_class: t.Optional[t.Type[t.Any]] = None def class_init(self, cls, name): """Part of the initialization which may depend on the underlying HasDescriptors class. It is typically overloaded for specific types. This method is called by :meth:`MetaHasDescriptors.__init__` passing the class (`cls`) and `name` under which the descriptor has been assigned. """ self.this_class = cls self.name = name def subclass_init(self, cls): pass def instance_init(self, obj): """Part of the initialization which may depend on the underlying HasDescriptors instance. It is typically overloaded for specific types. This method is called by :meth:`HasTraits.__new__` and in the :meth:`BaseDescriptor.instance_init` method of descriptors holding other descriptors. """ pass class TraitType(BaseDescriptor): """A base class for all trait types.""" metadata: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {} allow_none = False read_only = False info_text = "any value" default_value: t.Optional[t.Any] = Undefined def __init__( self, default_value=Undefined, allow_none=False, read_only=None, help=None, config=None, **kwargs, ): """Declare a traitlet. If *allow_none* is True, None is a valid value in addition to any values that are normally valid. The default is up to the subclass. For most trait types, the default value for ``allow_none`` is False. If *read_only* is True, attempts to directly modify a trait attribute raises a TraitError. Extra metadata can be associated with the traitlet using the .tag() convenience method or by using the traitlet instance's .metadata dictionary. """ if default_value is not Undefined: self.default_value = default_value if allow_none: self.allow_none = allow_none if read_only is not None: self.read_only = read_only self.help = help if help is not None else "" if len(kwargs) > 0: stacklevel = 1 f = inspect.currentframe() # count supers to determine stacklevel for warning assert f is not None while f.f_code.co_name == "__init__": stacklevel += 1 f = f.f_back assert f is not None mod = f.f_globals.get("__name__") or "" pkg = mod.split(".", 1)[0] key = tuple(["metadata-tag", pkg] + sorted(kwargs)) if _should_warn(key): warn( "metadata %s was set from the constructor. " "With traitlets 4.1, metadata should be set using the .tag() method, " "e.g., Int().tag(key1='value1', key2='value2')" % (kwargs,), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=stacklevel, ) if len(self.metadata) > 0: self.metadata = self.metadata.copy() self.metadata.update(kwargs) else: self.metadata = kwargs else: self.metadata = self.metadata.copy() if config is not None: self.metadata["config"] = config # We add help to the metadata during a deprecation period so that # code that looks for the help string there can find it. if help is not None: self.metadata["help"] = help def from_string(self, s): """Get a value from a config string such as an environment variable or CLI arguments. Traits can override this method to define their own parsing of config strings. .. seealso:: item_from_string .. versionadded:: 5.0 """ if self.allow_none and s == "None": return None return s def default(self, obj=None): """The default generator for this trait Notes ----- This method is registered to HasTraits classes during ``class_init`` in the same way that dynamic defaults defined by ``@default`` are. """ if self.default_value is not Undefined: return self.default_value elif hasattr(self, "make_dynamic_default"): return self.make_dynamic_default() # type:ignore[attr-defined] else: # Undefined will raise in TraitType.get return self.default_value def get_default_value(self): """DEPRECATED: Retrieve the static default value for this trait. Use self.default_value instead """ warn( "get_default_value is deprecated in traitlets 4.0: use the .default_value attribute", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) return self.default_value def init_default_value(self, obj): """DEPRECATED: Set the static default value for the trait type.""" warn( "init_default_value is deprecated in traitlets 4.0, and may be removed in the future", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) value = self._validate(obj, self.default_value) obj._trait_values[self.name] = value return value def get(self, obj, cls=None): try: value = obj._trait_values[self.name] except KeyError: # Check for a dynamic initializer. default = obj.trait_defaults(self.name) if default is Undefined: warn( "Explicit using of Undefined as the default value " "is deprecated in traitlets 5.0, and may cause " "exceptions in the future.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) with obj.cross_validation_lock: value = self._validate(obj, default) obj._trait_values[self.name] = value obj._notify_observers( Bunch( name=self.name, value=value, owner=obj, type="default", ) ) return value except Exception: # This should never be reached. raise TraitError("Unexpected error in TraitType: default value not set properly") else: return value def __get__(self, obj, cls=None): """Get the value of the trait by self.name for the instance. Default values are instantiated when :meth:`HasTraits.__new__` is called. Thus by the time this method gets called either the default value or a user defined value (they called :meth:`__set__`) is in the :class:`HasTraits` instance. """ if obj is None: return self else: return self.get(obj, cls) def set(self, obj, value): new_value = self._validate(obj, value) try: old_value = obj._trait_values[self.name] except KeyError: old_value = self.default_value obj._trait_values[self.name] = new_value try: silent = bool(old_value == new_value) except Exception: # if there is an error in comparing, default to notify silent = False if silent is not True: # we explicitly compare silent to True just in case the equality # comparison above returns something other than True/False obj._notify_trait(self.name, old_value, new_value) def __set__(self, obj, value): """Set the value of the trait by self.name for the instance. Values pass through a validation stage where errors are raised when impropper types, or types that cannot be coerced, are encountered. """ if self.read_only: raise TraitError('The "%s" trait is read-only.' % self.name) else: self.set(obj, value) def _validate(self, obj, value): if value is None and self.allow_none: return value if hasattr(self, "validate"): value = self.validate(obj, value) # type:ignore[attr-defined] if obj._cross_validation_lock is False: value = self._cross_validate(obj, value) return value def _cross_validate(self, obj, value): if self.name in obj._trait_validators: proposal = Bunch({"trait": self, "value": value, "owner": obj}) value = obj._trait_validators[self.name](obj, proposal) elif hasattr(obj, "_%s_validate" % self.name): meth_name = "_%s_validate" % self.name cross_validate = getattr(obj, meth_name) _deprecated_method( cross_validate, obj.__class__, meth_name, "use @validate decorator instead.", ) value = cross_validate(value, self) return value def __or__(self, other): if isinstance(other, Union): return Union([self] + other.trait_types) else: return Union([self, other]) def info(self): return self.info_text def error(self, obj, value, error=None, info=None): """Raise a TraitError Parameters ---------- obj : HasTraits or None The instance which owns the trait. If not object is given, then an object agnostic error will be raised. value : any The value that caused the error. error : Exception (default: None) An error that was raised by a child trait. The arguments of this exception should be of the form ``(value, info, *traits)``. Where the ``value`` and ``info`` are the problem value, and string describing the expected value. The ``traits`` are a series of :class:`TraitType` instances that are "children" of this one (the first being the deepest). info : str (default: None) A description of the expected value. By default this is infered from this trait's ``info`` method. """ if error is not None: # handle nested error error.args += (self,) if self.name is not None: # this is the root trait that must format the final message chain = " of ".join(describe("a", t) for t in error.args[2:]) if obj is not None: error.args = ( "The '%s' trait of %s instance contains %s which " "expected %s, not %s." % ( self.name, describe("an", obj), chain, error.args[1], describe("the", error.args[0]), ), ) else: error.args = ( "The '%s' trait contains %s which " "expected %s, not %s." % ( self.name, chain, error.args[1], describe("the", error.args[0]), ), ) raise error else: # this trait caused an error if self.name is None: # this is not the root trait raise TraitError(value, info or self.info(), self) else: # this is the root trait if obj is not None: e = "The '{}' trait of {} instance expected {}, not {}.".format( self.name, class_of(obj), self.info(), describe("the", value), ) else: e = "The '{}' trait expected {}, not {}.".format( self.name, self.info(), describe("the", value), ) raise TraitError(e) def get_metadata(self, key, default=None): """DEPRECATED: Get a metadata value. Use .metadata[key] or .metadata.get(key, default) instead. """ if key == "help": msg = "use the instance .help string directly, like x.help" else: msg = "use the instance .metadata dictionary directly, like x.metadata[key] or x.metadata.get(key, default)" warn("Deprecated in traitlets 4.1, " + msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2) return self.metadata.get(key, default) def set_metadata(self, key, value): """DEPRECATED: Set a metadata key/value. Use .metadata[key] = value instead. """ if key == "help": msg = "use the instance .help string directly, like x.help = value" else: msg = "use the instance .metadata dictionary directly, like x.metadata[key] = value" warn("Deprecated in traitlets 4.1, " + msg, DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2) self.metadata[key] = value def tag(self, **metadata): """Sets metadata and returns self. This allows convenient metadata tagging when initializing the trait, such as: Examples -------- >>> Int(0).tag(config=True, sync=True) """ maybe_constructor_keywords = set(metadata.keys()).intersection( {"help", "allow_none", "read_only", "default_value"} ) if maybe_constructor_keywords: warn( "The following attributes are set in using `tag`, but seem to be constructor keywords arguments: %s " % maybe_constructor_keywords, UserWarning, stacklevel=2, ) self.metadata.update(metadata) return self def default_value_repr(self): return repr(self.default_value) # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # The HasTraits implementation # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- class _CallbackWrapper: """An object adapting a on_trait_change callback into an observe callback. The comparison operator __eq__ is implemented to enable removal of wrapped callbacks. """ def __init__(self, cb): self.cb = cb # Bound methods have an additional 'self' argument. offset = -1 if isinstance(self.cb, types.MethodType) else 0 self.nargs = len(getargspec(cb)[0]) + offset if self.nargs > 4: raise TraitError("a trait changed callback must have 0-4 arguments.") def __eq__(self, other): # The wrapper is equal to the wrapped element if isinstance(other, _CallbackWrapper): return self.cb == other.cb else: return self.cb == other def __call__(self, change): # The wrapper is callable if self.nargs == 0: self.cb() elif self.nargs == 1: self.cb(change.name) elif self.nargs == 2: self.cb(change.name, change.new) elif self.nargs == 3: self.cb(change.name, change.old, change.new) elif self.nargs == 4: self.cb(change.name, change.old, change.new, change.owner) def _callback_wrapper(cb): if isinstance(cb, _CallbackWrapper): return cb else: return _CallbackWrapper(cb) class MetaHasDescriptors(type): """A metaclass for HasDescriptors. This metaclass makes sure that any TraitType class attributes are instantiated and sets their name attribute. """ def __new__(mcls, name, bases, classdict): """Create the HasDescriptors class.""" for k, v in classdict.items(): # ---------------------------------------------------------------- # Support of deprecated behavior allowing for TraitType types # to be used instead of TraitType instances. if inspect.isclass(v) and issubclass(v, TraitType): warn( "Traits should be given as instances, not types (for example, `Int()`, not `Int`)." " Passing types is deprecated in traitlets 4.1.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) classdict[k] = v() # ---------------------------------------------------------------- return super().__new__(mcls, name, bases, classdict) def __init__(cls, name, bases, classdict): """Finish initializing the HasDescriptors class.""" super().__init__(name, bases, classdict) cls.setup_class(classdict) def setup_class(cls, classdict): """Setup descriptor instance on the class This sets the :attr:`this_class` and :attr:`name` attributes of each BaseDescriptor in the class dict of the newly created ``cls`` before calling their :attr:`class_init` method. """ for k, v in classdict.items(): if isinstance(v, BaseDescriptor): v.class_init(cls, k) for _, v in getmembers(cls): if isinstance(v, BaseDescriptor): v.subclass_init(cls) class MetaHasTraits(MetaHasDescriptors): """A metaclass for HasTraits.""" def setup_class(cls, classdict): cls._trait_default_generators = {} super().setup_class(classdict) def observe(*names, type="change"): """A decorator which can be used to observe Traits on a class. The handler passed to the decorator will be called with one ``change`` dict argument. The change dictionary at least holds a 'type' key and a 'name' key, corresponding respectively to the type of notification and the name of the attribute that triggered the notification. Other keys may be passed depending on the value of 'type'. In the case where type is 'change', we also have the following keys: * ``owner`` : the HasTraits instance * ``old`` : the old value of the modified trait attribute * ``new`` : the new value of the modified trait attribute * ``name`` : the name of the modified trait attribute. Parameters ---------- *names The str names of the Traits to observe on the object. type : str, kwarg-only The type of event to observe (e.g. 'change') """ if not names: raise TypeError("Please specify at least one trait name to observe.") for name in names: if name is not All and not isinstance(name, str): raise TypeError("trait names to observe must be strings or All, not %r" % name) return ObserveHandler(names, type=type) def observe_compat(func): """Backward-compatibility shim decorator for observers Use with: @observe('name') @observe_compat def _foo_changed(self, change): ... With this, `super()._foo_changed(self, name, old, new)` in subclasses will still work. Allows adoption of new observer API without breaking subclasses that override and super. """ def compatible_observer(self, change_or_name, old=Undefined, new=Undefined): if isinstance(change_or_name, dict): change = change_or_name else: clsname = self.__class__.__name__ warn( "A parent of %s._%s_changed has adopted the new (traitlets 4.1) @observe(change) API" % (clsname, change_or_name), DeprecationWarning, ) change = Bunch( type="change", old=old, new=new, name=change_or_name, owner=self, ) return func(self, change) return compatible_observer def validate(*names): """A decorator to register cross validator of HasTraits object's state when a Trait is set. The handler passed to the decorator must have one ``proposal`` dict argument. The proposal dictionary must hold the following keys: * ``owner`` : the HasTraits instance * ``value`` : the proposed value for the modified trait attribute * ``trait`` : the TraitType instance associated with the attribute Parameters ---------- *names The str names of the Traits to validate. Notes ----- Since the owner has access to the ``HasTraits`` instance via the 'owner' key, the registered cross validator could potentially make changes to attributes of the ``HasTraits`` instance. However, we recommend not to do so. The reason is that the cross-validation of attributes may run in arbitrary order when exiting the ``hold_trait_notifications`` context, and such changes may not commute. """ if not names: raise TypeError("Please specify at least one trait name to validate.") for name in names: if name is not All and not isinstance(name, str): raise TypeError("trait names to validate must be strings or All, not %r" % name) return ValidateHandler(names) def default(name): """A decorator which assigns a dynamic default for a Trait on a HasTraits object. Parameters ---------- name The str name of the Trait on the object whose default should be generated. Notes ----- Unlike observers and validators which are properties of the HasTraits instance, default value generators are class-level properties. Besides, default generators are only invoked if they are registered in subclasses of `this_type`. :: class A(HasTraits): bar = Int() @default('bar') def get_bar_default(self): return 11 class B(A): bar = Float() # This trait ignores the default generator defined in # the base class A class C(B): @default('bar') def some_other_default(self): # This default generator should not be return 3.0 # ignored since it is defined in a # class derived from B.a.this_class. """ if not isinstance(name, str): raise TypeError("Trait name must be a string or All, not %r" % name) return DefaultHandler(name) class EventHandler(BaseDescriptor): def _init_call(self, func): self.func = func return self def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): """Pass `*args` and `**kwargs` to the handler's function if it exists.""" if hasattr(self, "func"): return self.func(*args, **kwargs) else: return self._init_call(*args, **kwargs) def __get__(self, inst, cls=None): if inst is None: return self return types.MethodType(self.func, inst) class ObserveHandler(EventHandler): def __init__(self, names, type): self.trait_names = names self.type = type def instance_init(self, inst): inst.observe(self, self.trait_names, type=self.type) class ValidateHandler(EventHandler): def __init__(self, names): self.trait_names = names def instance_init(self, inst): inst._register_validator(self, self.trait_names) class DefaultHandler(EventHandler): def __init__(self, name): self.trait_name = name def class_init(self, cls, name): super().class_init(cls, name) cls._trait_default_generators[self.trait_name] = self class HasDescriptors(metaclass=MetaHasDescriptors): """The base class for all classes that have descriptors.""" def __new__(*args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) -> t.Any: # Pass cls as args[0] to allow "cls" as keyword argument cls = args[0] args = args[1:] # This is needed because object.__new__ only accepts # the cls argument. new_meth = super(HasDescriptors, cls).__new__ if new_meth is object.__new__: inst = new_meth(cls) else: inst = new_meth(cls, *args, **kwargs) inst.setup_instance(*args, **kwargs) return inst def setup_instance(*args, **kwargs): """ This is called **before** self.__init__ is called. """ # Pass self as args[0] to allow "self" as keyword argument self = args[0] args = args[1:] self._cross_validation_lock = False # type:ignore[attr-defined] cls = self.__class__ for key in dir(cls): # Some descriptors raise AttributeError like zope.interface's # __provides__ attributes even though they exist. This causes # AttributeErrors even though they are listed in dir(cls). try: value = getattr(cls, key) except AttributeError: pass else: if isinstance(value, BaseDescriptor): value.instance_init(self) class HasTraits(HasDescriptors, metaclass=MetaHasTraits): _trait_values: t.Dict[str, t.Any] _trait_notifiers: t.Dict[str, t.Any] _trait_validators: t.Dict[str, t.Any] _cross_validation_lock: bool def setup_instance(*args, **kwargs): # Pass self as args[0] to allow "self" as keyword argument self = args[0] args = args[1:] self._trait_values = {} self._trait_notifiers = {} self._trait_validators = {} self._cross_validation_lock = False super(HasTraits, self).setup_instance(*args, **kwargs) def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs): # Allow trait values to be set using keyword arguments. # We need to use setattr for this to trigger validation and # notifications. super_args = args super_kwargs = {} with self.hold_trait_notifications(): for key, value in kwargs.items(): if self.has_trait(key): setattr(self, key, value) else: # passthrough args that don't set traits to super super_kwargs[key] = value try: super().__init__(*super_args, **super_kwargs) except TypeError as e: arg_s_list = [repr(arg) for arg in super_args] for k, v in super_kwargs.items(): arg_s_list.append(f"{k}={v!r}") arg_s = ", ".join(arg_s_list) warn( "Passing unrecognized arguments to super({classname}).__init__({arg_s}).\n" "{error}\n" "This is deprecated in traitlets 4.2." "This error will be raised in a future release of traitlets.".format( arg_s=arg_s, classname=self.__class__.__name__, error=e, ), DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) def __getstate__(self): d = self.__dict__.copy() # event handlers stored on an instance are # expected to be reinstantiated during a # recall of instance_init during __setstate__ d["_trait_notifiers"] = {} d["_trait_validators"] = {} d["_trait_values"] = self._trait_values.copy() d["_cross_validation_lock"] = False # FIXME: raise if cloning locked! return d def __setstate__(self, state): self.__dict__ = state.copy() # event handlers are reassigned to self cls = self.__class__ for key in dir(cls): # Some descriptors raise AttributeError like zope.interface's # __provides__ attributes even though they exist. This causes # AttributeErrors even though they are listed in dir(cls). try: value = getattr(cls, key) except AttributeError: pass else: if isinstance(value, EventHandler): value.instance_init(self) @property # type:ignore[misc] @contextlib.contextmanager def cross_validation_lock(self): """ A contextmanager for running a block with our cross validation lock set to True. At the end of the block, the lock's value is restored to its value prior to entering the block. """ if self._cross_validation_lock: yield return else: try: self._cross_validation_lock = True yield finally: self._cross_validation_lock = False @contextlib.contextmanager def hold_trait_notifications(self): """Context manager for bundling trait change notifications and cross validation. Use this when doing multiple trait assignments (init, config), to avoid race conditions in trait notifiers requesting other trait values. All trait notifications will fire after all values have been assigned. """ if self._cross_validation_lock: yield return else: cache: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {} def compress(past_changes, change): """Merges the provided change with the last if possible.""" if past_changes is None: return [change] else: if past_changes[-1]["type"] == "change" and change.type == "change": past_changes[-1]["new"] = change.new else: # In case of changes other than 'change', append the notification. past_changes.append(change) return past_changes def hold(change): name = change.name cache[name] = compress(cache.get(name), change) try: # Replace notify_change with `hold`, caching and compressing # notifications, disable cross validation and yield. self.notify_change = hold # type:ignore[assignment] self._cross_validation_lock = True yield # Cross validate final values when context is released. for name in list(cache.keys()): trait = getattr(self.__class__, name) value = trait._cross_validate(self, getattr(self, name)) self.set_trait(name, value) except TraitError as e: # Roll back in case of TraitError during final cross validation. self.notify_change = lambda x: None # type:ignore[assignment] for name, changes in cache.items(): for change in changes[::-1]: # TODO: Separate in a rollback function per notification type. if change.type == "change": if change.old is not Undefined: self.set_trait(name, change.old) else: self._trait_values.pop(name) cache = {} raise e finally: self._cross_validation_lock = False # Restore method retrieval from class del self.notify_change # trigger delayed notifications for changes in cache.values(): for change in changes: self.notify_change(change) def _notify_trait(self, name, old_value, new_value): self.notify_change( Bunch( name=name, old=old_value, new=new_value, owner=self, type="change", ) ) def notify_change(self, change): """Notify observers of a change event""" return self._notify_observers(change) def _notify_observers(self, event): """Notify observers of any event""" if not isinstance(event, Bunch): # cast to bunch if given a dict event = Bunch(event) name, type = event.name, event.type callables = [] callables.extend(self._trait_notifiers.get(name, {}).get(type, [])) callables.extend(self._trait_notifiers.get(name, {}).get(All, [])) callables.extend( self._trait_notifiers.get(All, {}).get(type, []) # type:ignore[call-overload] ) callables.extend( self._trait_notifiers.get(All, {}).get(All, []) # type:ignore[call-overload] ) # Now static ones magic_name = "_%s_changed" % name if event.type == "change" and hasattr(self, magic_name): class_value = getattr(self.__class__, magic_name) if not isinstance(class_value, ObserveHandler): _deprecated_method( class_value, self.__class__, magic_name, "use @observe and @unobserve instead.", ) cb = getattr(self, magic_name) # Only append the magic method if it was not manually registered if cb not in callables: callables.append(_callback_wrapper(cb)) # Call them all now # Traits catches and logs errors here. I allow them to raise for c in callables: # Bound methods have an additional 'self' argument. if isinstance(c, _CallbackWrapper): c = c.__call__ elif isinstance(c, EventHandler) and c.name is not None: c = getattr(self, c.name) c(event) def _add_notifiers(self, handler, name, type): if name not in self._trait_notifiers: nlist: t.List[t.Any] = [] self._trait_notifiers[name] = {type: nlist} else: if type not in self._trait_notifiers[name]: nlist = [] self._trait_notifiers[name][type] = nlist else: nlist = self._trait_notifiers[name][type] if handler not in nlist: nlist.append(handler) def _remove_notifiers(self, handler, name, type): try: if handler is None: del self._trait_notifiers[name][type] else: self._trait_notifiers[name][type].remove(handler) except KeyError: pass def on_trait_change(self, handler=None, name=None, remove=False): """DEPRECATED: Setup a handler to be called when a trait changes. This is used to setup dynamic notifications of trait changes. Static handlers can be created by creating methods on a HasTraits subclass with the naming convention '_[traitname]_changed'. Thus, to create static handler for the trait 'a', create the method _a_changed(self, name, old, new) (fewer arguments can be used, see below). If `remove` is True and `handler` is not specified, all change handlers for the specified name are uninstalled. Parameters ---------- handler : callable, None A callable that is called when a trait changes. Its signature can be handler(), handler(name), handler(name, new), handler(name, old, new), or handler(name, old, new, self). name : list, str, None If None, the handler will apply to all traits. If a list of str, handler will apply to all names in the list. If a str, the handler will apply just to that name. remove : bool If False (the default), then install the handler. If True then unintall it. """ warn( "on_trait_change is deprecated in traitlets 4.1: use observe instead", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) if name is None: name = All if remove: self.unobserve(_callback_wrapper(handler), names=name) else: self.observe(_callback_wrapper(handler), names=name) def observe(self, handler, names=All, type="change"): """Setup a handler to be called when a trait changes. This is used to setup dynamic notifications of trait changes. Parameters ---------- handler : callable A callable that is called when a trait changes. Its signature should be ``handler(change)``, where ``change`` is a dictionary. The change dictionary at least holds a 'type' key. * ``type``: the type of notification. Other keys may be passed depending on the value of 'type'. In the case where type is 'change', we also have the following keys: * ``owner`` : the HasTraits instance * ``old`` : the old value of the modified trait attribute * ``new`` : the new value of the modified trait attribute * ``name`` : the name of the modified trait attribute. names : list, str, All If names is All, the handler will apply to all traits. If a list of str, handler will apply to all names in the list. If a str, the handler will apply just to that name. type : str, All (default: 'change') The type of notification to filter by. If equal to All, then all notifications are passed to the observe handler. """ names = parse_notifier_name(names) for n in names: self._add_notifiers(handler, n, type) def unobserve(self, handler, names=All, type="change"): """Remove a trait change handler. This is used to unregister handlers to trait change notifications. Parameters ---------- handler : callable The callable called when a trait attribute changes. names : list, str, All (default: All) The names of the traits for which the specified handler should be uninstalled. If names is All, the specified handler is uninstalled from the list of notifiers corresponding to all changes. type : str or All (default: 'change') The type of notification to filter by. If All, the specified handler is uninstalled from the list of notifiers corresponding to all types. """ names = parse_notifier_name(names) for n in names: self._remove_notifiers(handler, n, type) def unobserve_all(self, name=All): """Remove trait change handlers of any type for the specified name. If name is not specified, removes all trait notifiers.""" if name is All: self._trait_notifiers: t.Dict[str, t.Any] = {} else: try: del self._trait_notifiers[name] except KeyError: pass def _register_validator(self, handler, names): """Setup a handler to be called when a trait should be cross validated. This is used to setup dynamic notifications for cross-validation. If a validator is already registered for any of the provided names, a TraitError is raised and no new validator is registered. Parameters ---------- handler : callable A callable that is called when the given trait is cross-validated. Its signature is handler(proposal), where proposal is a Bunch (dictionary with attribute access) with the following attributes/keys: * ``owner`` : the HasTraits instance * ``value`` : the proposed value for the modified trait attribute * ``trait`` : the TraitType instance associated with the attribute names : List of strings The names of the traits that should be cross-validated """ for name in names: magic_name = "_%s_validate" % name if hasattr(self, magic_name): class_value = getattr(self.__class__, magic_name) if not isinstance(class_value, ValidateHandler): _deprecated_method( class_value, self.__class__, magic_name, "use @validate decorator instead.", ) for name in names: self._trait_validators[name] = handler def add_traits(self, **traits): """Dynamically add trait attributes to the HasTraits instance.""" cls = self.__class__ attrs = {"__module__": cls.__module__} if hasattr(cls, "__qualname__"): # __qualname__ introduced in Python 3.3 (see PEP 3155) attrs["__qualname__"] = cls.__qualname__ attrs.update(traits) self.__class__ = type(cls.__name__, (cls,), attrs) for trait in traits.values(): trait.instance_init(self) def set_trait(self, name, value): """Forcibly sets trait attribute, including read-only attributes.""" cls = self.__class__ if not self.has_trait(name): raise TraitError(f"Class {cls.__name__} does not have a trait named {name}") else: getattr(cls, name).set(self, value) @classmethod def class_trait_names(cls, **metadata): """Get a list of all the names of this class' traits. This method is just like the :meth:`trait_names` method, but is unbound. """ return list(cls.class_traits(**metadata)) @classmethod def class_traits(cls, **metadata): """Get a ``dict`` of all the traits of this class. The dictionary is keyed on the name and the values are the TraitType objects. This method is just like the :meth:`traits` method, but is unbound. The TraitTypes returned don't know anything about the values that the various HasTrait's instances are holding. The metadata kwargs allow functions to be passed in which filter traits based on metadata values. The functions should take a single value as an argument and return a boolean. If any function returns False, then the trait is not included in the output. If a metadata key doesn't exist, None will be passed to the function. """ traits = dict([memb for memb in getmembers(cls) if isinstance(memb[1], TraitType)]) if len(metadata) == 0: return traits result = {} for name, trait in traits.items(): for meta_name, meta_eval in metadata.items(): if not callable(meta_eval): meta_eval = _SimpleTest(meta_eval) if not meta_eval(trait.metadata.get(meta_name, None)): break else: result[name] = trait return result @classmethod def class_own_traits(cls, **metadata): """Get a dict of all the traitlets defined on this class, not a parent. Works like `class_traits`, except for excluding traits from parents. """ sup = super(cls, cls) return { n: t for (n, t) in cls.class_traits(**metadata).items() if getattr(sup, n, None) is not t } def has_trait(self, name): """Returns True if the object has a trait with the specified name.""" return isinstance(getattr(self.__class__, name, None), TraitType) def trait_has_value(self, name): """Returns True if the specified trait has a value. This will return false even if ``getattr`` would return a dynamically generated default value. These default values will be recognized as existing only after they have been generated. Example .. code-block:: python class MyClass(HasTraits): i = Int() mc = MyClass() assert not mc.trait_has_value("i") mc.i # generates a default value assert mc.trait_has_value("i") """ return name in self._trait_values def trait_values(self, **metadata): """A ``dict`` of trait names and their values. The metadata kwargs allow functions to be passed in which filter traits based on metadata values. The functions should take a single value as an argument and return a boolean. If any function returns False, then the trait is not included in the output. If a metadata key doesn't exist, None will be passed to the function. Returns ------- A ``dict`` of trait names and their values. Notes ----- Trait values are retrieved via ``getattr``, any exceptions raised by traits or the operations they may trigger will result in the absence of a trait value in the result ``dict``. """ return {name: getattr(self, name) for name in self.trait_names(**metadata)} def _get_trait_default_generator(self, name): """Return default generator for a given trait Walk the MRO to resolve the correct default generator according to inheritance. """ method_name = "_%s_default" % name if method_name in self.__dict__: return getattr(self, method_name) cls = self.__class__ trait = getattr(cls, name) assert isinstance(trait, TraitType) # truncate mro to the class on which the trait is defined mro = cls.mro() try: mro = mro[: mro.index(trait.this_class) + 1] # type:ignore[arg-type] except ValueError: # this_class not in mro pass for c in mro: if method_name in c.__dict__: return getattr(c, method_name) if name in c.__dict__.get("_trait_default_generators", {}): return c._trait_default_generators[name] # type:ignore[attr-defined] return trait.default def trait_defaults(self, *names, **metadata): """Return a trait's default value or a dictionary of them Notes ----- Dynamically generated default values may depend on the current state of the object.""" for n in names: if not self.has_trait(n): raise TraitError(f"'{n}' is not a trait of '{type(self).__name__}' instances") if len(names) == 1 and len(metadata) == 0: return self._get_trait_default_generator(names[0])(self) trait_names = self.trait_names(**metadata) trait_names.extend(names) defaults = {} for n in trait_names: defaults[n] = self._get_trait_default_generator(n)(self) return defaults def trait_names(self, **metadata): """Get a list of all the names of this class' traits.""" return list(self.traits(**metadata)) def traits(self, **metadata): """Get a ``dict`` of all the traits of this class. The dictionary is keyed on the name and the values are the TraitType objects. The TraitTypes returned don't know anything about the values that the various HasTrait's instances are holding. The metadata kwargs allow functions to be passed in which filter traits based on metadata values. The functions should take a single value as an argument and return a boolean. If any function returns False, then the trait is not included in the output. If a metadata key doesn't exist, None will be passed to the function. """ traits = dict( [memb for memb in getmembers(self.__class__) if isinstance(memb[1], TraitType)] ) if len(metadata) == 0: return traits result = {} for name, trait in traits.items(): for meta_name, meta_eval in metadata.items(): if not callable(meta_eval): meta_eval = _SimpleTest(meta_eval) if not meta_eval(trait.metadata.get(meta_name, None)): break else: result[name] = trait return result def trait_metadata(self, traitname, key, default=None): """Get metadata values for trait by key.""" try: trait = getattr(self.__class__, traitname) except AttributeError: raise TraitError( f"Class {self.__class__.__name__} does not have a trait named {traitname}" ) metadata_name = "_" + traitname + "_metadata" if hasattr(self, metadata_name) and key in getattr(self, metadata_name): return getattr(self, metadata_name).get(key, default) else: return trait.metadata.get(key, default) @classmethod def class_own_trait_events(cls, name): """Get a dict of all event handlers defined on this class, not a parent. Works like ``event_handlers``, except for excluding traits from parents. """ sup = super(cls, cls) return { n: e for (n, e) in cls.events(name).items() # type:ignore[attr-defined] if getattr(sup, n, None) is not e } @classmethod def trait_events(cls, name=None): """Get a ``dict`` of all the event handlers of this class. Parameters ---------- name : str (default: None) The name of a trait of this class. If name is ``None`` then all the event handlers of this class will be returned instead. Returns ------- The event handlers associated with a trait name, or all event handlers. """ events = {} for k, v in getmembers(cls): if isinstance(v, EventHandler): if name is None: events[k] = v elif name in v.trait_names: # type:ignore[attr-defined] events[k] = v elif hasattr(v, "tags"): if cls.trait_names(**v.tags): # type:ignore[attr-defined] events[k] = v return events # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Actual TraitTypes implementations/subclasses # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # TraitTypes subclasses for handling classes and instances of classes # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- class ClassBasedTraitType(TraitType): """ A trait with error reporting and string -> type resolution for Type, Instance and This. """ def _resolve_string(self, string): """ Resolve a string supplied for a type into an actual object. """ return import_item(string) class Type(ClassBasedTraitType): """A trait whose value must be a subclass of a specified class.""" def __init__(self, default_value=Undefined, klass=None, **kwargs): """Construct a Type trait A Type trait specifies that its values must be subclasses of a particular class. If only ``default_value`` is given, it is used for the ``klass`` as well. If neither are given, both default to ``object``. Parameters ---------- default_value : class, str or None The default value must be a subclass of klass. If an str, the str must be a fully specified class name, like 'foo.bar.Bah'. The string is resolved into real class, when the parent :class:`HasTraits` class is instantiated. klass : class, str [ default object ] Values of this trait must be a subclass of klass. The klass may be specified in a string like: 'foo.bar.MyClass'. The string is resolved into real class, when the parent :class:`HasTraits` class is instantiated. allow_none : bool [ default False ] Indicates whether None is allowed as an assignable value. **kwargs extra kwargs passed to `ClassBasedTraitType` """ if default_value is Undefined: new_default_value = object if (klass is None) else klass else: new_default_value = default_value if klass is None: if (default_value is None) or (default_value is Undefined): klass = object else: klass = default_value if not (inspect.isclass(klass) or isinstance(klass, str)): raise TraitError("A Type trait must specify a class.") self.klass = klass super().__init__(new_default_value, **kwargs) def validate(self, obj, value): """Validates that the value is a valid object instance.""" if isinstance(value, str): try: value = self._resolve_string(value) except ImportError: raise TraitError( "The '%s' trait of %s instance must be a type, but " "%r could not be imported" % (self.name, obj, value) ) try: if issubclass(value, self.klass): # type:ignore[arg-type] return value except Exception: pass self.error(obj, value) def info(self): """Returns a description of the trait.""" if isinstance(self.klass, str): klass = self.klass else: klass = self.klass.__module__ + "." + self.klass.__name__ result = "a subclass of '%s'" % klass if self.allow_none: return result + " or None" return result def instance_init(self, obj): self._resolve_classes() super().instance_init(obj) def _resolve_classes(self): if isinstance(self.klass, str): self.klass = self._resolve_string(self.klass) if isinstance(self.default_value, str): self.default_value = self._resolve_string(self.default_value) def default_value_repr(self): value = self.default_value assert value is not None if isinstance(value, str): return repr(value) else: return repr(f"{value.__module__}.{value.__name__}") class Instance(ClassBasedTraitType): """A trait whose value must be an instance of a specified class. The value can also be an instance of a subclass of the specified class. Subclasses can declare default classes by overriding the klass attribute """ klass = None def __init__(self, klass=None, args=None, kw=None, **kwargs): """Construct an Instance trait. This trait allows values that are instances of a particular class or its subclasses. Our implementation is quite different from that of enthough.traits as we don't allow instances to be used for klass and we handle the ``args`` and ``kw`` arguments differently. Parameters ---------- klass : class, str The class that forms the basis for the trait. Class names can also be specified as strings, like 'foo.bar.Bar'. args : tuple Positional arguments for generating the default value. kw : dict Keyword arguments for generating the default value. allow_none : bool [ default False ] Indicates whether None is allowed as a value. **kwargs Extra kwargs passed to `ClassBasedTraitType` Notes ----- If both ``args`` and ``kw`` are None, then the default value is None. If ``args`` is a tuple and ``kw`` is a dict, then the default is created as ``klass(*args, **kw)``. If exactly one of ``args`` or ``kw`` is None, the None is replaced by ``()`` or ``{}``, respectively. """ if klass is None: klass = self.klass if (klass is not None) and (inspect.isclass(klass) or isinstance(klass, str)): self.klass = klass else: raise TraitError("The klass attribute must be a class not: %r" % klass) if (kw is not None) and not isinstance(kw, dict): raise TraitError("The 'kw' argument must be a dict or None.") if (args is not None) and not isinstance(args, tuple): raise TraitError("The 'args' argument must be a tuple or None.") self.default_args = args self.default_kwargs = kw super().__init__(**kwargs) def validate(self, obj, value): assert self.klass is not None if isinstance(value, self.klass): # type:ignore[arg-type] return value else: self.error(obj, value) def info(self): if isinstance(self.klass, str): result = add_article(self.klass) else: result = describe("a", self.klass) if self.allow_none: result += " or None" return result def instance_init(self, obj): self._resolve_classes() super().instance_init(obj) def _resolve_classes(self): if isinstance(self.klass, str): self.klass = self._resolve_string(self.klass) def make_dynamic_default(self): if (self.default_args is None) and (self.default_kwargs is None): return None assert self.klass is not None return self.klass( *(self.default_args or ()), **(self.default_kwargs or {}) ) # type:ignore[operator] def default_value_repr(self): return repr(self.make_dynamic_default()) def from_string(self, s): return _safe_literal_eval(s) class ForwardDeclaredMixin: """ Mixin for forward-declared versions of Instance and Type. """ def _resolve_string(self, string): """ Find the specified class name by looking for it in the module in which our this_class attribute was defined. """ modname = self.this_class.__module__ # type:ignore[attr-defined] return import_item(".".join([modname, string])) class ForwardDeclaredType(ForwardDeclaredMixin, Type): """ Forward-declared version of Type. """ pass class ForwardDeclaredInstance(ForwardDeclaredMixin, Instance): """ Forward-declared version of Instance. """ pass class This(ClassBasedTraitType): """A trait for instances of the class containing this trait. Because how how and when class bodies are executed, the ``This`` trait can only have a default value of None. This, and because we always validate default values, ``allow_none`` is *always* true. """ info_text = "an instance of the same type as the receiver or None" def __init__(self, **kwargs): super().__init__(None, **kwargs) def validate(self, obj, value): # What if value is a superclass of obj.__class__? This is # complicated if it was the superclass that defined the This # trait. assert self.this_class is not None if isinstance(value, self.this_class) or (value is None): return value else: self.error(obj, value) class Union(TraitType): """A trait type representing a Union type.""" def __init__(self, trait_types, **kwargs): """Construct a Union trait. This trait allows values that are allowed by at least one of the specified trait types. A Union traitlet cannot have metadata on its own, besides the metadata of the listed types. Parameters ---------- trait_types : sequence The list of trait types of length at least 1. Notes ----- Union([Float(), Bool(), Int()]) attempts to validate the provided values with the validation function of Float, then Bool, and finally Int. """ self.trait_types = list(trait_types) self.info_text = " or ".join([tt.info() for tt in self.trait_types]) super().__init__(**kwargs) def default(self, obj=None): default = super().default(obj) for trait in self.trait_types: if default is Undefined: default = trait.default(obj) else: break return default def class_init(self, cls, name): for trait_type in reversed(self.trait_types): trait_type.class_init(cls, None) super().class_init(cls, name) def instance_init(self, obj): for trait_type in reversed(self.trait_types): trait_type.instance_init(obj) super().instance_init(obj) def validate(self, obj, value): with obj.cross_validation_lock: for trait_type in self.trait_types: try: v = trait_type._validate(obj, value) # In the case of an element trait, the name is None if self.name is not None: setattr(obj, "_" + self.name + "_metadata", trait_type.metadata) return v except TraitError: continue self.error(obj, value) def __or__(self, other): if isinstance(other, Union): return Union(self.trait_types + other.trait_types) else: return Union(self.trait_types + [other]) # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- # Basic TraitTypes implementations/subclasses # ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- class Any(TraitType): """A trait which allows any value.""" default_value: t.Optional[t.Any] = None allow_none = True info_text = "any value" def _validate_bounds(trait, obj, value): """ Validate that a number to be applied to a trait is between bounds. If value is not between min_bound and max_bound, this raises a TraitError with an error message appropriate for this trait. """ if trait.min is not None and value < trait.min: raise TraitError( "The value of the '{name}' trait of {klass} instance should " "not be less than {min_bound}, but a value of {value} was " "specified".format( name=trait.name, klass=class_of(obj), value=value, min_bound=trait.min ) ) if trait.max is not None and value > trait.max: raise TraitError( "The value of the '{name}' trait of {klass} instance should " "not be greater than {max_bound}, but a value of {value} was " "specified".format( name=trait.name, klass=class_of(obj), value=value, max_bound=trait.max ) ) return value class Int(TraitType): """An int trait.""" default_value = 0 info_text = "an int" def __init__(self, default_value=Undefined, allow_none=False, **kwargs): self.min = kwargs.pop("min", None) self.max = kwargs.pop("max", None) super().__init__(default_value=default_value, allow_none=allow_none, **kwargs) def validate(self, obj, value): if not isinstance(value, int): self.error(obj, value) return _validate_bounds(self, obj, value) def from_string(self, s): if self.allow_none and s == "None": return None return int(s) class CInt(Int): """A casting version of the int trait.""" def validate(self, obj, value): try: value = int(value) except Exception: self.error(obj, value) return _validate_bounds(self, obj, value) Long, CLong = Int, CInt Integer = Int class Float(TraitType): """A float trait.""" default_value = 0.0 info_text = "a float" def __init__(self, default_value=Undefined, allow_none=False, **kwargs): self.min = kwargs.pop("min", -float("inf")) self.max = kwargs.pop("max", float("inf")) super().__init__(default_value=default_value, allow_none=allow_none, **kwargs) def validate(self, obj, value): if isinstance(value, int): value = float(value) if not isinstance(value, float): self.error(obj, value) return _validate_bounds(self, obj, value) def from_string(self, s): if self.allow_none and s == "None": return None return float(s) class CFloat(Float): """A casting version of the float trait.""" def validate(self, obj, value): try: value = float(value) except Exception: self.error(obj, value) return _validate_bounds(self, obj, value) class Complex(TraitType): """A trait for complex numbers.""" default_value = 0.0 + 0.0j info_text = "a complex number" def validate(self, obj, value): if isinstance(value, complex): return value if isinstance(value, (float, int)): return complex(value) self.error(obj, value) def from_string(self, s): if self.allow_none and s == "None": return None return complex(s) class CComplex(Complex): """A casting version of the complex number trait.""" def validate(self, obj, value): try: return complex(value) except Exception: self.error(obj, value) # We should always be explicit about whether we're using bytes or unicode, both # for Python 3 conversion and for reliable unicode behaviour on Python 2. So # we don't have a Str type. class Bytes(TraitType): """A trait for byte strings.""" default_value = b"" info_text = "a bytes object" def validate(self, obj, value): if isinstance(value, bytes): return value self.error(obj, value) def from_string(self, s): if self.allow_none and s == "None": return None if len(s) >= 3: # handle deprecated b"string" for quote in ('"', "'"): if s[:2] == f"b{quote}" and s[-1] == quote: old_s = s s = s[2:-1] warn( "Supporting extra quotes around Bytes is deprecated in traitlets 5.0. " "Use %r instead of %r." % (s, old_s), FutureWarning, ) break return s.encode("utf8") class CBytes(Bytes): """A casting version of the byte string trait.""" def validate(self, obj, value): try: return bytes(value) except Exception: self.error(obj, value) class Unicode(TraitType): """A trait for unicode strings.""" default_value = "" info_text = "a unicode string" def validate(self, obj, value): if isinstance(value, str): return value if isinstance(value, bytes): try: return value.decode("ascii", "strict") except UnicodeDecodeError: msg = "Could not decode {!r} for unicode trait '{}' of {} instance." raise TraitError(msg.format(value, self.name, class_of(obj))) self.error(obj, value) def from_string(self, s): if self.allow_none and s == "None": return None s = os.path.expanduser(s) if len(s) >= 2: # handle deprecated "1" for c in ('"', "'"): if s[0] == s[-1] == c: old_s = s s = s[1:-1] warn( "Supporting extra quotes around strings is deprecated in traitlets 5.0. " "You can use %r instead of %r if you require traitlets >=5." % (s, old_s), FutureWarning, ) return s class CUnicode(Unicode): """A casting version of the unicode trait.""" def validate(self, obj, value): try: return str(value) except Exception: self.error(obj, value) class ObjectName(TraitType): """A string holding a valid object name in this version of Python. This does not check that the name exists in any scope.""" info_text = "a valid object identifier in Python" coerce_str = staticmethod(lambda _, s: s) # type:ignore[no-any-return] def validate(self, obj, value): value = self.coerce_str(obj, value) if isinstance(value, str) and isidentifier(value): return value self.error(obj, value) def from_string(self, s): if self.allow_none and s == "None": return None return s class DottedObjectName(ObjectName): """A string holding a valid dotted object name in Python, such as A.b3._c""" def validate(self, obj, value): value = self.coerce_str(obj, value) if isinstance(value, str) and all(isidentifier(a) for a in value.split(".")): return value self.error(obj, value) class Bool(TraitType): """A boolean (True, False) trait.""" default_value = False info_text = "a boolean" def validate(self, obj, value): if isinstance(value, bool): return value elif isinstance(value, int): if value == 1: return True elif value == 0: return False self.error(obj, value) def from_string(self, s): if self.allow_none and s == "None": return None s = s.lower() if s in {"true", "1"}: return True elif s in {"false", "0"}: return False else: raise ValueError("%r is not 1, 0, true, or false") class CBool(Bool): """A casting version of the boolean trait.""" def validate(self, obj, value): try: return bool(value) except Exception: self.error(obj, value) class Enum(TraitType): """An enum whose value must be in a given sequence.""" def __init__(self, values, default_value=Undefined, **kwargs): self.values = values if kwargs.get("allow_none", False) and default_value is Undefined: default_value = None super().__init__(default_value, **kwargs) def validate(self, obj, value): if value in self.values: return value self.error(obj, value) def _choices_str(self, as_rst=False): """Returns a description of the trait choices (not none).""" choices = self.values if as_rst: choices = "|".join("``%r``" % x for x in choices) else: choices = repr(list(choices)) return choices def _info(self, as_rst=False): """Returns a description of the trait.""" none = " or %s" % ("`None`" if as_rst else "None") if self.allow_none else "" return f"any of {self._choices_str(as_rst)}{none}" def info(self): return self._info(as_rst=False) def info_rst(self): return self._info(as_rst=True) def from_string(self, s): try: return self.validate(None, s) except TraitError: return _safe_literal_eval(s) class CaselessStrEnum(Enum): """An enum of strings where the case should be ignored.""" def __init__(self, values, default_value=Undefined, **kwargs): super().__init__(values, default_value=default_value, **kwargs) def validate(self, obj, value): if not isinstance(value, str): self.error(obj, value) for v in self.values: if v.lower() == value.lower(): return v self.error(obj, value) def _info(self, as_rst=False): """Returns a description of the trait.""" none = " or %s" % ("`None`" if as_rst else "None") if self.allow_none else "" return f"any of {self._choices_str(as_rst)} (case-insensitive){none}" def info(self): return self._info(as_rst=False) def info_rst(self): return self._info(as_rst=True) class FuzzyEnum(Enum): """An case-ignoring enum matching choices by unique prefixes/substrings.""" case_sensitive = False #: If True, choices match anywhere in the string, otherwise match prefixes. substring_matching = False def __init__( self, values, default_value=Undefined, case_sensitive=False, substring_matching=False, **kwargs, ): self.case_sensitive = case_sensitive self.substring_matching = substring_matching super().__init__(values, default_value=default_value, **kwargs) def validate(self, obj, value): if not isinstance(value, str): self.error(obj, value) conv_func = (lambda c: c) if self.case_sensitive else lambda c: c.lower() substring_matching = self.substring_matching match_func = ( (lambda v, c: v in c) if substring_matching else (lambda v, c: c.startswith(v)) # type:ignore[no-any-return] ) value = conv_func(value) choices = self.values matches = [match_func(value, conv_func(c)) for c in choices] if sum(matches) == 1: for v, m in zip(choices, matches): if m: return v self.error(obj, value) def _info(self, as_rst=False): """Returns a description of the trait.""" none = " or %s" % ("`None`" if as_rst else "None") if self.allow_none else "" case = "sensitive" if self.case_sensitive else "insensitive" substr = "substring" if self.substring_matching else "prefix" return f"any case-{case} {substr} of {self._choices_str(as_rst)}{none}" def info(self): return self._info(as_rst=False) def info_rst(self): return self._info(as_rst=True) class Container(Instance): """An instance of a container (list, set, etc.) To be subclassed by overriding klass. """ klass: t.Optional[t.Union[str, t.Type[t.Any]]] = None _cast_types: t.Any = () _valid_defaults = SequenceTypes _trait = None _literal_from_string_pairs: t.Any = ("[]", "()") def __init__(self, trait=None, default_value=Undefined, **kwargs): """Create a container trait type from a list, set, or tuple. The default value is created by doing ``List(default_value)``, which creates a copy of the ``default_value``. ``trait`` can be specified, which restricts the type of elements in the container to that TraitType. If only one arg is given and it is not a Trait, it is taken as ``default_value``: ``c = List([1, 2, 3])`` Parameters ---------- trait : TraitType [ optional ] the type for restricting the contents of the Container. If unspecified, types are not checked. default_value : SequenceType [ optional ] The default value for the Trait. Must be list/tuple/set, and will be cast to the container type. allow_none : bool [ default False ] Whether to allow the value to be None **kwargs : any further keys for extensions to the Trait (e.g. config) """ # allow List([values]): if trait is not None and default_value is Undefined and not is_trait(trait): default_value = trait trait = None if default_value is None and not kwargs.get("allow_none", False): # improve backward-compatibility for possible subclasses # specifying default_value=None as default, # keeping 'unspecified' behavior (i.e. empty container) warn( f"Specifying {self.__class__.__name__}(default_value=None)" " for no default is deprecated in traitlets 5.0.5." " Use default_value=Undefined", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) default_value = Undefined if default_value is Undefined: args: t.Any = () elif default_value is None: # default_value back on kwargs for super() to handle args = () kwargs["default_value"] = None elif isinstance(default_value, self._valid_defaults): args = (default_value,) else: raise TypeError(f"default value of {self.__class__.__name__} was {default_value}") if is_trait(trait): if isinstance(trait, type): warn( "Traits should be given as instances, not types (for example, `Int()`, not `Int`)." " Passing types is deprecated in traitlets 4.1.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=3, ) self._trait = trait() if isinstance(trait, type) else trait elif trait is not None: raise TypeError("`trait` must be a Trait or None, got %s" % repr_type(trait)) super().__init__(klass=self.klass, args=args, **kwargs) def validate(self, obj, value): if isinstance(value, self._cast_types): assert self.klass is not None value = self.klass(value) # type:ignore[operator] value = super().validate(obj, value) if value is None: return value value = self.validate_elements(obj, value) return value def validate_elements(self, obj, value): validated = [] if self._trait is None or isinstance(self._trait, Any): return value for v in value: try: v = self._trait._validate(obj, v) except TraitError as error: self.error(obj, v, error) else: validated.append(v) assert self.klass is not None return self.klass(validated) # type:ignore[operator] def class_init(self, cls, name): if isinstance(self._trait, TraitType): self._trait.class_init(cls, None) super().class_init(cls, name) def instance_init(self, obj): if isinstance(self._trait, TraitType): self._trait.instance_init(obj) super().instance_init(obj) def from_string(self, s): """Load value from a single string""" if not isinstance(s, str): raise TraitError(f"Expected string, got {s!r}") try: test = literal_eval(s) except Exception: test = None return self.validate(None, test) def from_string_list(self, s_list): """Return the value from a list of config strings This is where we parse CLI configuration """ assert self.klass is not None if len(s_list) == 1: # check for deprecated --Class.trait="['a', 'b', 'c']" r = s_list[0] if r == "None" and self.allow_none: return None if len(r) >= 2 and any( r.startswith(start) and r.endswith(end) for start, end in self._literal_from_string_pairs ): if self.this_class: clsname = self.this_class.__name__ + "." else: clsname = "" assert self.name is not None warn( "--{0}={1} for containers is deprecated in traitlets 5.0. " "You can pass `--{0} item` ... multiple times to add items to a list.".format( clsname + self.name, r ), FutureWarning, ) return self.klass(literal_eval(r)) # type:ignore[operator] sig = inspect.signature(self.item_from_string) if "index" in sig.parameters: item_from_string = self.item_from_string else: # backward-compat: allow item_from_string to ignore index arg item_from_string = lambda s, index=None: self.item_from_string(s) # noqa[E371] return self.klass( [item_from_string(s, index=idx) for idx, s in enumerate(s_list)] ) # type:ignore[operator] def item_from_string(self, s, index=None): """Cast a single item from a string Evaluated when parsing CLI configuration from a string """ if self._trait: return self._trait.from_string(s) else: return s class List(Container): """An instance of a Python list.""" klass = list _cast_types: t.Any = (tuple,) def __init__( self, trait=None, default_value=Undefined, minlen=0, maxlen=sys.maxsize, **kwargs, ): """Create a List trait type from a list, set, or tuple. The default value is created by doing ``list(default_value)``, which creates a copy of the ``default_value``. ``trait`` can be specified, which restricts the type of elements in the container to that TraitType. If only one arg is given and it is not a Trait, it is taken as ``default_value``: ``c = List([1, 2, 3])`` Parameters ---------- trait : TraitType [ optional ] the type for restricting the contents of the Container. If unspecified, types are not checked. default_value : SequenceType [ optional ] The default value for the Trait. Must be list/tuple/set, and will be cast to the container type. minlen : Int [ default 0 ] The minimum length of the input list maxlen : Int [ default sys.maxsize ] The maximum length of the input list """ self._minlen = minlen self._maxlen = maxlen super().__init__(trait=trait, default_value=default_value, **kwargs) def length_error(self, obj, value): e = ( "The '%s' trait of %s instance must be of length %i <= L <= %i, but a value of %s was specified." % (self.name, class_of(obj), self._minlen, self._maxlen, value) ) raise TraitError(e) def validate_elements(self, obj, value): length = len(value) if length < self._minlen or length > self._maxlen: self.length_error(obj, value) return super().validate_elements(obj, value) def set(self, obj, value): if isinstance(value, str): return super().set(obj, [value]) else: return super().set(obj, value) class Set(List): """An instance of a Python set.""" klass = set # type:ignore[assignment] _cast_types = (tuple, list) _literal_from_string_pairs = ("[]", "()", "{}") # Redefine __init__ just to make the docstring more accurate. def __init__( self, trait=None, default_value=Undefined, minlen=0, maxlen=sys.maxsize, **kwargs, ): """Create a Set trait type from a list, set, or tuple. The default value is created by doing ``set(default_value)``, which creates a copy of the ``default_value``. ``trait`` can be specified, which restricts the type of elements in the container to that TraitType. If only one arg is given and it is not a Trait, it is taken as ``default_value``: ``c = Set({1, 2, 3})`` Parameters ---------- trait : TraitType [ optional ] the type for restricting the contents of the Container. If unspecified, types are not checked. default_value : SequenceType [ optional ] The default value for the Trait. Must be list/tuple/set, and will be cast to the container type. minlen : Int [ default 0 ] The minimum length of the input list maxlen : Int [ default sys.maxsize ] The maximum length of the input list """ super().__init__(trait, default_value, minlen, maxlen, **kwargs) def default_value_repr(self): # Ensure default value is sorted for a reproducible build list_repr = repr(sorted(self.make_dynamic_default())) if list_repr == "[]": return "set()" return "{" + list_repr[1:-1] + "}" class Tuple(Container): """An instance of a Python tuple.""" klass = tuple _cast_types = (list,) def __init__(self, *traits, **kwargs): """Create a tuple from a list, set, or tuple. Create a fixed-type tuple with Traits: ``t = Tuple(Int(), Str(), CStr())`` would be length 3, with Int,Str,CStr for each element. If only one arg is given and it is not a Trait, it is taken as default_value: ``t = Tuple((1, 2, 3))`` Otherwise, ``default_value`` *must* be specified by keyword. Parameters ---------- *traits : TraitTypes [ optional ] the types for restricting the contents of the Tuple. If unspecified, types are not checked. If specified, then each positional argument corresponds to an element of the tuple. Tuples defined with traits are of fixed length. default_value : SequenceType [ optional ] The default value for the Tuple. Must be list/tuple/set, and will be cast to a tuple. If ``traits`` are specified, ``default_value`` must conform to the shape and type they specify. **kwargs Other kwargs passed to `Container` """ default_value = kwargs.pop("default_value", Undefined) # allow Tuple((values,)): if len(traits) == 1 and default_value is Undefined and not is_trait(traits[0]): default_value = traits[0] traits = () if default_value is None and not kwargs.get("allow_none", False): # improve backward-compatibility for possible subclasses # specifying default_value=None as default, # keeping 'unspecified' behavior (i.e. empty container) warn( f"Specifying {self.__class__.__name__}(default_value=None)" " for no default is deprecated in traitlets 5.0.5." " Use default_value=Undefined", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) default_value = Undefined if default_value is Undefined: args: t.Any = () elif default_value is None: # default_value back on kwargs for super() to handle args = () kwargs["default_value"] = None elif isinstance(default_value, self._valid_defaults): args = (default_value,) else: raise TypeError(f"default value of {self.__class__.__name__} was {default_value}") self._traits = [] for trait in traits: if isinstance(trait, type): warn( "Traits should be given as instances, not types (for example, `Int()`, not `Int`)" " Passing types is deprecated in traitlets 4.1.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) trait = trait() self._traits.append(trait) if self._traits and (default_value is None or default_value is Undefined): # don't allow default to be an empty container if length is specified args = None super(Container, self).__init__(klass=self.klass, args=args, **kwargs) def item_from_string(self, s, index): """Cast a single item from a string Evaluated when parsing CLI configuration from a string """ if not self._traits or index >= len(self._traits): # return s instead of raising index error # length errors will be raised later on validation return s return self._traits[index].from_string(s) def validate_elements(self, obj, value): if not self._traits: # nothing to validate return value if len(value) != len(self._traits): e = ( "The '%s' trait of %s instance requires %i elements, but a value of %s was specified." % (self.name, class_of(obj), len(self._traits), repr_type(value)) ) raise TraitError(e) validated = [] for trait, v in zip(self._traits, value): try: v = trait._validate(obj, v) except TraitError as error: self.error(obj, v, error) else: validated.append(v) return tuple(validated) def class_init(self, cls, name): for trait in self._traits: if isinstance(trait, TraitType): trait.class_init(cls, None) super(Container, self).class_init(cls, name) def instance_init(self, obj): for trait in self._traits: if isinstance(trait, TraitType): trait.instance_init(obj) super(Container, self).instance_init(obj) class Dict(Instance): """An instance of a Python dict. One or more traits can be passed to the constructor to validate the keys and/or values of the dict. If you need more detailed validation, you may use a custom validator method. .. versionchanged:: 5.0 Added key_trait for validating dict keys. .. versionchanged:: 5.0 Deprecated ambiguous ``trait``, ``traits`` args in favor of ``value_trait``, ``per_key_traits``. """ _value_trait = None _key_trait = None def __init__( self, value_trait=None, per_key_traits=None, key_trait=None, default_value=Undefined, **kwargs, ): """Create a dict trait type from a Python dict. The default value is created by doing ``dict(default_value)``, which creates a copy of the ``default_value``. Parameters ---------- value_trait : TraitType [ optional ] The specified trait type to check and use to restrict the values of the dict. If unspecified, values are not checked. per_key_traits : Dictionary of {keys:trait types} [ optional, keyword-only ] A Python dictionary containing the types that are valid for restricting the values of the dict on a per-key basis. Each value in this dict should be a Trait for validating key_trait : TraitType [ optional, keyword-only ] The type for restricting the keys of the dict. If unspecified, the types of the keys are not checked. default_value : SequenceType [ optional, keyword-only ] The default value for the Dict. Must be dict, tuple, or None, and will be cast to a dict if not None. If any key or value traits are specified, the `default_value` must conform to the constraints. Examples -------- a dict whose values must be text >>> d = Dict(Unicode()) d2['n'] must be an integer d2['s'] must be text >>> d2 = Dict(per_key_traits={"n": Integer(), "s": Unicode()}) d3's keys must be text d3's values must be integers >>> d3 = Dict(value_trait=Integer(), key_trait=Unicode()) """ # handle deprecated keywords trait = kwargs.pop("trait", None) if trait is not None: if value_trait is not None: raise TypeError( "Found a value for both `value_trait` and its deprecated alias `trait`." ) value_trait = trait warn( "Keyword `trait` is deprecated in traitlets 5.0, use `value_trait` instead", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) traits = kwargs.pop("traits", None) if traits is not None: if per_key_traits is not None: raise TypeError( "Found a value for both `per_key_traits` and its deprecated alias `traits`." ) per_key_traits = traits warn( "Keyword `traits` is deprecated in traitlets 5.0, use `per_key_traits` instead", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) # Handling positional arguments if default_value is Undefined and value_trait is not None: if not is_trait(value_trait): default_value = value_trait value_trait = None if key_trait is None and per_key_traits is not None: if is_trait(per_key_traits): key_trait = per_key_traits per_key_traits = None # Handling default value if default_value is Undefined: default_value = {} if default_value is None: args: t.Any = None elif isinstance(default_value, dict): args = (default_value,) elif isinstance(default_value, SequenceTypes): args = (default_value,) else: raise TypeError("default value of Dict was %s" % default_value) # Case where a type of TraitType is provided rather than an instance if is_trait(value_trait): if isinstance(value_trait, type): warn( "Traits should be given as instances, not types (for example, `Int()`, not `Int`)" " Passing types is deprecated in traitlets 4.1.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) value_trait = value_trait() self._value_trait = value_trait elif value_trait is not None: raise TypeError( "`value_trait` must be a Trait or None, got %s" % repr_type(value_trait) ) if is_trait(key_trait): if isinstance(key_trait, type): warn( "Traits should be given as instances, not types (for example, `Int()`, not `Int`)" " Passing types is deprecated in traitlets 4.1.", DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2, ) key_trait = key_trait() self._key_trait = key_trait elif key_trait is not None: raise TypeError("`key_trait` must be a Trait or None, got %s" % repr_type(key_trait)) self._per_key_traits = per_key_traits super().__init__(klass=dict, args=args, **kwargs) def element_error(self, obj, element, validator, side="Values"): e = ( side + " of the '%s' trait of %s instance must be %s, but a value of %s was specified." % (self.name, class_of(obj), validator.info(), repr_type(element)) ) raise TraitError(e) def validate(self, obj, value): value = super().validate(obj, value) if value is None: return value value = self.validate_elements(obj, value) return value def validate_elements(self, obj, value): per_key_override = self._per_key_traits or {} key_trait = self._key_trait value_trait = self._value_trait if not (key_trait or value_trait or per_key_override): return value validated = {} for key in value: v = value[key] if key_trait: try: key = key_trait._validate(obj, key) except TraitError: self.element_error(obj, key, key_trait, "Keys") active_value_trait = per_key_override.get(key, value_trait) if active_value_trait: try: v = active_value_trait._validate(obj, v) except TraitError: self.element_error(obj, v, active_value_trait, "Values") validated[key] = v return self.klass(validated) # type:ignore def class_init(self, cls, name): if isinstance(self._value_trait, TraitType): self._value_trait.class_init(cls, None) if isinstance(self._key_trait, TraitType): self._key_trait.class_init(cls, None) if self._per_key_traits is not None: for trait in self._per_key_traits.values(): trait.class_init(cls, None) super().class_init(cls, name) def instance_init(self, obj): if isinstance(self._value_trait, TraitType): self._value_trait.instance_init(obj) if isinstance(self._key_trait, TraitType): self._key_trait.instance_init(obj) if self._per_key_traits is not None: for trait in self._per_key_traits.values(): trait.instance_init(obj) super().instance_init(obj) def from_string(self, s): """Load value from a single string""" if not isinstance(s, str): raise TypeError(f"from_string expects a string, got {repr(s)} of type {type(s)}") try: return self.from_string_list([s]) except Exception: test = _safe_literal_eval(s) if isinstance(test, dict): return test raise def from_string_list(self, s_list): """Return a dict from a list of config strings. This is where we parse CLI configuration. Each item should have the form ``"key=value"``. item parsing is done in :meth:`.item_from_string`. """ if len(s_list) == 1 and s_list[0] == "None" and self.allow_none: return None if len(s_list) == 1 and s_list[0].startswith("{") and s_list[0].endswith("}"): warn( "--{0}={1} for dict-traits is deprecated in traitlets 5.0. " "You can pass --{0} ... multiple times to add items to a dict.".format( self.name, s_list[0], ), FutureWarning, ) return literal_eval(s_list[0]) combined = {} for d in [self.item_from_string(s) for s in s_list]: combined.update(d) return combined def item_from_string(self, s): """Cast a single-key dict from a string. Evaluated when parsing CLI configuration from a string. Dicts expect strings of the form key=value. Returns a one-key dictionary, which will be merged in :meth:`.from_string_list`. """ if "=" not in s: raise TraitError( "'%s' options must have the form 'key=value', got %s" % ( self.__class__.__name__, repr(s), ) ) key, value = s.split("=", 1) # cast key with key trait, if defined if self._key_trait: key = self._key_trait.from_string(key) # cast value with value trait, if defined (per-key or global) value_trait = (self._per_key_traits or {}).get(key, self._value_trait) if value_trait: value = value_trait.from_string(value) return {key: value} class TCPAddress(TraitType): """A trait for an (ip, port) tuple. This allows for both IPv4 IP addresses as well as hostnames. """ default_value = ("127.0.0.1", 0) info_text = "an (ip, port) tuple" def validate(self, obj, value): if isinstance(value, tuple): if len(value) == 2: if isinstance(value[0], str) and isinstance(value[1], int): port = value[1] if port >= 0 and port <= 65535: return value self.error(obj, value) def from_string(self, s): if self.allow_none and s == "None": return None if ":" not in s: raise ValueError("Require `ip:port`, got %r" % s) ip, port = s.split(":", 1) port = int(port) return (ip, port) class CRegExp(TraitType): """A casting compiled regular expression trait. Accepts both strings and compiled regular expressions. The resulting attribute will be a compiled regular expression.""" info_text = "a regular expression" def validate(self, obj, value): try: return re.compile(value) except Exception: self.error(obj, value) class UseEnum(TraitType): """Use a Enum class as model for the data type description. Note that if no default-value is provided, the first enum-value is used as default-value. .. sourcecode:: python # -- SINCE: Python 3.4 (or install backport: pip install enum34) import enum from traitlets import HasTraits, UseEnum class Color(enum.Enum): red = 1 # -- IMPLICIT: default_value blue = 2 green = 3 class MyEntity(HasTraits): color = UseEnum(Color, default_value=Color.blue) entity = MyEntity(color=Color.red) entity.color = Color.green # USE: Enum-value (preferred) entity.color = "green" # USE: name (as string) entity.color = "Color.green" # USE: scoped-name (as string) entity.color = 3 # USE: number (as int) assert entity.color is Color.green """ default_value: t.Optional[enum.Enum] = None info_text = "Trait type adapter to a Enum class" def __init__(self, enum_class, default_value=None, **kwargs): assert issubclass(enum_class, enum.Enum), "REQUIRE: enum.Enum, but was: %r" % enum_class allow_none = kwargs.get("allow_none", False) if default_value is None and not allow_none: default_value = list(enum_class.__members__.values())[0] super().__init__(default_value=default_value, **kwargs) self.enum_class = enum_class self.name_prefix = enum_class.__name__ + "." def select_by_number(self, value, default=Undefined): """Selects enum-value by using its number-constant.""" assert isinstance(value, int) enum_members = self.enum_class.__members__ for enum_item in enum_members.values(): if enum_item.value == value: return enum_item # -- NOT FOUND: return default def select_by_name(self, value, default=Undefined): """Selects enum-value by using its name or scoped-name.""" assert isinstance(value, str) if value.startswith(self.name_prefix): # -- SUPPORT SCOPED-NAMES, like: "Color.red" => "red" value = value.replace(self.name_prefix, "", 1) return self.enum_class.__members__.get(value, default) def validate(self, obj, value): if isinstance(value, self.enum_class): return value elif isinstance(value, int): # -- CONVERT: number => enum_value (item) value2 = self.select_by_number(value) if value2 is not Undefined: return value2 elif isinstance(value, str): # -- CONVERT: name or scoped_name (as string) => enum_value (item) value2 = self.select_by_name(value) if value2 is not Undefined: return value2 elif value is None: if self.allow_none: return None else: return self.default_value self.error(obj, value) def _choices_str(self, as_rst=False): """Returns a description of the trait choices (not none).""" choices = self.enum_class.__members__.keys() if as_rst: return "|".join("``%r``" % x for x in choices) else: return repr(list(choices)) # Listify because py3.4- prints odict-class def _info(self, as_rst=False): """Returns a description of the trait.""" none = " or %s" % ("`None`" if as_rst else "None") if self.allow_none else "" return f"any of {self._choices_str(as_rst)}{none}" def info(self): return self._info(as_rst=False) def info_rst(self): return self._info(as_rst=True) class Callable(TraitType): """A trait which is callable. Notes ----- Classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method.""" info_text = "a callable" def validate(self, obj, value): if callable(value): return value else: self.error(obj, value)