from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function import io import itertools import math import uuid import warnings from collections import defaultdict from distutils.version import LooseVersion from functools import wraps, partial from operator import getitem from random import Random from toolz import (merge, take, reduce, valmap, map, partition_all, filter, remove, compose, curry, first, second, accumulate, peek) from toolz.compatibility import iteritems, zip import toolz _implement_accumulate = LooseVersion(toolz.__version__) > '0.7.4' try: import cytoolz from cytoolz import (frequencies, merge_with, join, reduceby, count, pluck, groupby, topk) if LooseVersion(cytoolz.__version__) > '0.7.3': from cytoolz import accumulate # noqa: F811 _implement_accumulate = True except ImportError: from toolz import (frequencies, merge_with, join, reduceby, count, pluck, groupby, topk) from .. import config from .avro import to_avro from ..base import tokenize, dont_optimize, DaskMethodsMixin from ..bytes import open_files from ..compatibility import apply, urlopen, Iterable, Iterator from ..context import globalmethod from ..core import quote, istask, get_dependencies, reverse_dict, flatten from ..delayed import Delayed, unpack_collections from ..highlevelgraph import HighLevelGraph from ..multiprocessing import get as mpget from ..optimization import fuse, cull, inline from ..utils import (system_encoding, takes_multiple_arguments, funcname, digit, insert, ensure_dict, ensure_bytes, ensure_unicode) no_default = '__no__default__' no_result = type('no_result', (object,), {'__slots__': (), '__reduce__': lambda self: 'no_result'}) def lazify_task(task, start=True): """ Given a task, remove unnecessary calls to ``list`` and ``reify``. This traverses tasks and small lists. We choose not to traverse down lists of size >= 50 because it is unlikely that sequences this long contain other sequences in practice. Examples -------- >>> task = (sum, (list, (map, inc, [1, 2, 3]))) # doctest: +SKIP >>> lazify_task(task) # doctest: +SKIP (sum, (map, inc, [1, 2, 3])) """ if type(task) is list and len(task) < 50: return [lazify_task(arg, False) for arg in task] if not istask(task): return task head, tail = task[0], task[1:] if not start and head in (list, reify): task = task[1] return lazify_task(*tail, start=False) else: return (head,) + tuple([lazify_task(arg, False) for arg in tail]) def lazify(dsk): """ Remove unnecessary calls to ``list`` in tasks. See Also -------- ``dask.bag.core.lazify_task`` """ return valmap(lazify_task, dsk) def inline_singleton_lists(dsk, keys, dependencies=None): """ Inline lists that are only used once. >>> d = {'b': (list, 'a'), ... 'c': (f, 'b', 1)} # doctest: +SKIP >>> inline_singleton_lists(d) # doctest: +SKIP {'c': (f, (list, 'a'), 1)} Pairs nicely with lazify afterwards. """ if dependencies is None: dependencies = {k: get_dependencies(dsk, task=v) for k, v in dsk.items()} dependents = reverse_dict(dependencies) inline_keys = {k for k, v in dsk.items() if istask(v) and v and v[0] is list and len(dependents[k]) == 1} inline_keys.difference_update(flatten(keys)) dsk = inline(dsk, inline_keys, inline_constants=False) for k in inline_keys: del dsk[k] return dsk def optimize(dsk, keys, fuse_keys=None, rename_fused_keys=True, **kwargs): """ Optimize a dask from a dask Bag. """ dsk = ensure_dict(dsk) dsk2, dependencies = cull(dsk, keys) dsk3, dependencies = fuse(dsk2, keys + (fuse_keys or []), dependencies, rename_keys=rename_fused_keys) dsk4 = inline_singleton_lists(dsk3, keys, dependencies) dsk5 = lazify(dsk4) return dsk5 def _to_textfiles_chunk(data, lazy_file, last_endline): with lazy_file as f: if isinstance(f, io.TextIOWrapper): endline = u'\n' ensure = ensure_unicode else: endline = b'\n' ensure = ensure_bytes started = False for d in data: if started: f.write(endline) else: started = True f.write(ensure(d)) if last_endline: f.write(endline) def to_textfiles(b, path, name_function=None, compression='infer', encoding=system_encoding, compute=True, storage_options=None, last_endline=False, **kwargs): """ Write dask Bag to disk, one filename per partition, one line per element. **Paths**: This will create one file for each partition in your bag. You can specify the filenames in a variety of ways. Use a globstring >>> b.to_textfiles('/path/to/data/*.json.gz') # doctest: +SKIP The * will be replaced by the increasing sequence 1, 2, ... :: /path/to/data/0.json.gz /path/to/data/1.json.gz Use a globstring and a ``name_function=`` keyword argument. The name_function function should expect an integer and produce a string. Strings produced by name_function must preserve the order of their respective partition indices. >>> from datetime import date, timedelta >>> def name(i): ... return str(date(2015, 1, 1) + i * timedelta(days=1)) >>> name(0) '2015-01-01' >>> name(15) '2015-01-16' >>> b.to_textfiles('/path/to/data/*.json.gz', name_function=name) # doctest: +SKIP :: /path/to/data/2015-01-01.json.gz /path/to/data/2015-01-02.json.gz ... You can also provide an explicit list of paths. >>> paths = ['/path/to/data/alice.json.gz', '/path/to/data/bob.json.gz', ...] # doctest: +SKIP >>> b.to_textfiles(paths) # doctest: +SKIP **Compression**: Filenames with extensions corresponding to known compression algorithms (gz, bz2) will be compressed accordingly. **Bag Contents**: The bag calling ``to_textfiles`` must be a bag of text strings. For example, a bag of dictionaries could be written to JSON text files by mapping ``json.dumps`` on to the bag first, and then calling ``to_textfiles`` : >>> b_dict.map(json.dumps).to_textfiles("/path/to/data/*.json") # doctest: +SKIP **Last endline**: By default the last line does not end with a newline character. Pass ``last_endline=True`` to invert the default. """ mode = 'wb' if encoding is None else 'wt' files = open_files(path, compression=compression, mode=mode, encoding=encoding, name_function=name_function, num=b.npartitions, **(storage_options or {})) name = 'to-textfiles-' + uuid.uuid4().hex dsk = {(name, i): (_to_textfiles_chunk, (b.name, i), f, last_endline) for i, f in enumerate(files)} graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[b]) out = type(b)(graph, name, b.npartitions) if compute: out.compute(**kwargs) return [f.path for f in files] else: return out.to_delayed() def finalize(results): if not results: return results if isinstance(results, Iterator): results = list(results) if isinstance(results[0], Iterable) and not isinstance(results[0], str): results = toolz.concat(results) if isinstance(results, Iterator): results = list(results) return results def finalize_item(results): return results[0] class StringAccessor(object): """ String processing functions Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(['Alice Smith', 'Bob Jones', 'Charlie Smith']) >>> list(b.str.lower()) ['alice smith', 'bob jones', 'charlie smith'] >>> list(b.str.match('*Smith')) ['Alice Smith', 'Charlie Smith'] >>> list(b.str.split(' ')) [['Alice', 'Smith'], ['Bob', 'Jones'], ['Charlie', 'Smith']] """ def __init__(self, bag): self._bag = bag def __dir__(self): return sorted(set(dir(type(self)) + dir(str))) def _strmap(self, key, *args, **kwargs): return self._bag.map(lambda s: getattr(s, key)(*args, **kwargs)) def __getattr__(self, key): try: return object.__getattribute__(self, key) except AttributeError: if key in dir(str): func = getattr(str, key) return robust_wraps(func)(partial(self._strmap, key)) else: raise def match(self, pattern): """ Filter strings by those that match a pattern. Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(['Alice Smith', 'Bob Jones', 'Charlie Smith']) >>> list(b.str.match('*Smith')) ['Alice Smith', 'Charlie Smith'] See Also -------- fnmatch.fnmatch """ from fnmatch import fnmatch return self._bag.filter(partial(fnmatch, pat=pattern)) def robust_wraps(wrapper): """ A weak version of wraps that only copies doc. """ def _(wrapped): wrapped.__doc__ = wrapper.__doc__ return wrapped return _ class Item(DaskMethodsMixin): def __init__(self, dsk, key): self.dask = dsk self.key = key self.name = key def __dask_graph__(self): return self.dask def __dask_keys__(self): return [self.key] def __dask_tokenize__(self): return self.key __dask_optimize__ = globalmethod(optimize, key='bag_optimize', falsey=dont_optimize) __dask_scheduler__ = staticmethod(mpget) def __dask_postcompute__(self): return finalize_item, () def __dask_postpersist__(self): return Item, (self.key,) @staticmethod def from_delayed(value): """ Create bag item from a dask.delayed value. See ``dask.bag.from_delayed`` for details """ from dask.delayed import Delayed, delayed if not isinstance(value, Delayed) and hasattr(value, 'key'): value = delayed(value) assert isinstance(value, Delayed) return Item(ensure_dict(value.dask), value.key) @property def _args(self): return (self.dask, self.key) def __getstate__(self): return self._args def __setstate__(self, state): self.dask, self.key = state def apply(self, func): name = '{0}-{1}'.format(funcname(func), tokenize(self, func, 'apply')) dsk = {name: (func, self.key)} graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return Item(graph, name) __int__ = __float__ = __complex__ = __bool__ = DaskMethodsMixin.compute def to_delayed(self, optimize_graph=True): """Convert into a ``dask.delayed`` object. Parameters ---------- optimize_graph : bool, optional If True [default], the graph is optimized before converting into ``dask.delayed`` objects. """ from dask.delayed import Delayed dsk = self.__dask_graph__() if optimize_graph: dsk = self.__dask_optimize__(dsk, self.__dask_keys__()) return Delayed(self.key, dsk) class Bag(DaskMethodsMixin): """ Parallel collection of Python objects Examples -------- Create Bag from sequence >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(range(5)) >>> list(b.filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0).map(lambda x: x * 10)) # doctest: +SKIP [0, 20, 40] Create Bag from filename or globstring of filenames >>> b = db.read_text('/path/to/mydata.*.json.gz').map(json.loads) # doctest: +SKIP Create manually (expert use) >>> dsk = {('x', 0): (range, 5), ... ('x', 1): (range, 5), ... ('x', 2): (range, 5)} >>> b = Bag(dsk, 'x', npartitions=3) >>> sorted(b.map(lambda x: x * 10)) # doctest: +SKIP [0, 0, 0, 10, 10, 10, 20, 20, 20, 30, 30, 30, 40, 40, 40] >>> int(b.fold(lambda x, y: x + y)) # doctest: +SKIP 30 """ def __init__(self, dsk, name, npartitions): if not isinstance(dsk, HighLevelGraph): dsk = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[]) self.dask = dsk self.name = name self.npartitions = npartitions def __dask_graph__(self): return self.dask def __dask_keys__(self): return [(self.name, i) for i in range(self.npartitions)] def __dask_layers__(self): return (self.name,) def __dask_tokenize__(self): return self.name __dask_optimize__ = globalmethod(optimize, key='bag_optimize', falsey=dont_optimize) __dask_scheduler__ = staticmethod(mpget) def __dask_postcompute__(self): return finalize, () def __dask_postpersist__(self): return type(self), (self.name, self.npartitions) def __str__(self): name = self.name if len(self.name) < 10 else self.name[:7] + '...' return 'dask.bag<%s, npartitions=%d>' % (name, self.npartitions) __repr__ = __str__ str = property(fget=StringAccessor) def map(self, func, *args, **kwargs): """Apply a function elementwise across one or more bags. Note that all ``Bag`` arguments must be partitioned identically. Parameters ---------- func : callable *args, **kwargs : Bag, Item, or object Extra arguments and keyword arguments to pass to ``func`` *after* the calling bag instance. Non-Bag args/kwargs are broadcasted across all calls to ``func``. Notes ----- For calls with multiple `Bag` arguments, corresponding partitions should have the same length; if they do not, the call will error at compute time. Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(range(5), npartitions=2) >>> b2 = db.from_sequence(range(5, 10), npartitions=2) Apply a function to all elements in a bag: >>> b.map(lambda x: x + 1).compute() [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Apply a function with arguments from multiple bags: >>> from operator import add >>> b.map(add, b2).compute() [5, 7, 9, 11, 13] Non-bag arguments are broadcast across all calls to the mapped function: >>> b.map(add, 1).compute() [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Keyword arguments are also supported, and have the same semantics as regular arguments: >>> def myadd(x, y=0): ... return x + y >>> b.map(myadd, y=b2).compute() [5, 7, 9, 11, 13] >>> b.map(myadd, y=1).compute() [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Both arguments and keyword arguments can also be instances of ``dask.bag.Item``. Here we'll add the max value in the bag to each element: >>> b.map(myadd, b.max()).compute() [4, 5, 6, 7, 8] """ return bag_map(func, self, *args, **kwargs) def starmap(self, func, **kwargs): """Apply a function using argument tuples from the given bag. This is similar to ``itertools.starmap``, except it also accepts keyword arguments. In pseudocode, this is could be written as: >>> def starmap(func, bag, **kwargs): ... return (func(*args, **kwargs) for args in bag) Parameters ---------- func : callable **kwargs : Item, Delayed, or object, optional Extra keyword arguments to pass to ``func``. These can either be normal objects, ``dask.bag.Item``, or ``dask.delayed.Delayed``. Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> data = [(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8), (9, 10)] >>> b = db.from_sequence(data, npartitions=2) Apply a function to each argument tuple: >>> from operator import add >>> b.starmap(add).compute() [3, 7, 11, 15, 19] Apply a function to each argument tuple, with additional keyword arguments: >>> def myadd(x, y, z=0): ... return x + y + z >>> b.starmap(myadd, z=10).compute() [13, 17, 21, 25, 29] Keyword arguments can also be instances of ``dask.bag.Item`` or ``dask.delayed.Delayed``: >>> max_second = b.pluck(1).max() >>> max_second.compute() 10 >>> b.starmap(myadd, z=max_second).compute() [13, 17, 21, 25, 29] """ name = '{0}-{1}'.format(funcname(func), tokenize(self, func, 'starmap', **kwargs)) dependencies = [self] if kwargs: kwargs, collections = unpack_scalar_dask_kwargs(kwargs) dependencies.extend(collections) dsk = {(name, i): (reify, (starmap_chunk, func, (self.name, i), kwargs)) for i in range(self.npartitions)} graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=dependencies) return type(self)(graph, name, self.npartitions) @property def _args(self): return (self.dask, self.name, self.npartitions) def __getstate__(self): return self._args def __setstate__(self, state): self.dask, self.name, self.npartitions = state def filter(self, predicate): """ Filter elements in collection by a predicate function. >>> def iseven(x): ... return x % 2 == 0 >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(range(5)) >>> list(b.filter(iseven)) # doctest: +SKIP [0, 2, 4] """ name = 'filter-{0}-{1}'.format(funcname(predicate), tokenize(self, predicate)) dsk = dict(((name, i), (reify, (filter, predicate, (self.name, i)))) for i in range(self.npartitions)) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return type(self)(graph, name, self.npartitions) def random_sample(self, prob, random_state=None): """ Return elements from bag with probability of ``prob``. Parameters ---------- prob : float A float between 0 and 1, representing the probability that each element will be returned. random_state : int or random.Random, optional If an integer, will be used to seed a new ``random.Random`` object. If provided, results in deterministic sampling. Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(range(5)) >>> list(b.random_sample(0.5, 42)) [1, 3] >>> list(b.random_sample(0.5, 42)) [1, 3] """ if not 0 <= prob <= 1: raise ValueError('prob must be a number in the interval [0, 1]') if not isinstance(random_state, Random): random_state = Random(random_state) name = 'random-sample-%s' % tokenize(self, prob, random_state.getstate()) state_data = random_state_data_python(self.npartitions, random_state) dsk = {(name, i): (reify, (random_sample, (self.name, i), state, prob)) for i, state in zip(range(self.npartitions), state_data)} graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return type(self)(graph, name, self.npartitions) def remove(self, predicate): """ Remove elements in collection that match predicate. >>> def iseven(x): ... return x % 2 == 0 >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(range(5)) >>> list(b.remove(iseven)) # doctest: +SKIP [1, 3] """ name = 'remove-{0}-{1}'.format(funcname(predicate), tokenize(self, predicate)) dsk = dict(((name, i), (reify, (remove, predicate, (self.name, i)))) for i in range(self.npartitions)) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return type(self)(graph, name, self.npartitions) def map_partitions(self, func, *args, **kwargs): """Apply a function to every partition across one or more bags. Note that all ``Bag`` arguments must be partitioned identically. Parameters ---------- func : callable The function to be called on every partition. This function should expect an ``Iterator`` or ``Iterable`` for every partition and should return an ``Iterator`` or ``Iterable`` in return. *args, **kwargs : Bag, Item, Delayed, or object Arguments and keyword arguments to pass to ``func``. Partitions from this bag will be the first argument, and these will be passed *after*. Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(range(1, 101), npartitions=10) >>> def div(nums, den=1): ... return [num / den for num in nums] Using a python object: >>> hi = b.max().compute() >>> hi 100 >>> b.map_partitions(div, den=hi).take(5) (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) Using an ``Item``: >>> b.map_partitions(div, den=b.max()).take(5) (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) Note that while both versions give the same output, the second forms a single graph, and then computes everything at once, and in some cases may be more efficient. """ return map_partitions(func, self, *args, **kwargs) def pluck(self, key, default=no_default): """ Select item from all tuples/dicts in collection. >>> b = from_sequence([{'name': 'Alice', 'credits': [1, 2, 3]}, ... {'name': 'Bob', 'credits': [10, 20]}]) >>> list(b.pluck('name')) # doctest: +SKIP ['Alice', 'Bob'] >>> list(b.pluck('credits').pluck(0)) # doctest: +SKIP [1, 10] """ name = 'pluck-' + tokenize(self, key, default) key = quote(key) if default == no_default: dsk = dict(((name, i), (list, (pluck, key, (self.name, i)))) for i in range(self.npartitions)) else: dsk = dict(((name, i), (list, (pluck, key, (self.name, i), default))) for i in range(self.npartitions)) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return type(self)(graph, name, self.npartitions) def unzip(self, n): """Transform a bag of tuples to ``n`` bags of their elements. Examples -------- >>> b = from_sequence([(i, i + 1, i + 2) for i in range(10)]) >>> first, second, third = b.unzip(3) >>> isinstance(first, Bag) True >>> first.compute() [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] Note that this is equivalent to: >>> first, second, third = (b.pluck(i) for i in range(3)) """ return tuple(self.pluck(i) for i in range(n)) @wraps(to_textfiles) def to_textfiles(self, path, name_function=None, compression='infer', encoding=system_encoding, compute=True, storage_options=None, last_endline=False, **kwargs): return to_textfiles(self, path, name_function, compression, encoding, compute, storage_options=storage_options, last_endline=last_endline, **kwargs) @wraps(to_avro) def to_avro(self, filename, schema, name_function=None, storage_options=None, codec='null', sync_interval=16000, metadata=None, compute=True, **kwargs): return to_avro(self, filename, schema, name_function, storage_options, codec, sync_interval, metadata, compute, **kwargs) def fold(self, binop, combine=None, initial=no_default, split_every=None, out_type=Item): """ Parallelizable reduction Fold is like the builtin function ``reduce`` except that it works in parallel. Fold takes two binary operator functions, one to reduce each partition of our dataset and another to combine results between partitions 1. ``binop``: Binary operator to reduce within each partition 2. ``combine``: Binary operator to combine results from binop Sequentially this would look like the following: >>> intermediates = [reduce(binop, part) for part in partitions] # doctest: +SKIP >>> final = reduce(combine, intermediates) # doctest: +SKIP If only one function is given then it is used for both functions ``binop`` and ``combine`` as in the following example to compute the sum: >>> def add(x, y): ... return x + y >>> b = from_sequence(range(5)) >>> b.fold(add).compute() # doctest: +SKIP 10 In full form we provide both binary operators as well as their default arguments >>> b.fold(binop=add, combine=add, initial=0).compute() # doctest: +SKIP 10 More complex binary operators are also doable >>> def add_to_set(acc, x): ... ''' Add new element x to set acc ''' ... return acc | set([x]) >>> b.fold(add_to_set, set.union, initial=set()).compute() # doctest: +SKIP {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} See Also -------- Bag.foldby """ combine = combine or binop if initial is not no_default: return self.reduction(curry(_reduce, binop, initial=initial), curry(_reduce, combine), split_every=split_every, out_type=out_type) else: from toolz.curried import reduce return self.reduction(reduce(binop), reduce(combine), split_every=split_every, out_type=out_type) def frequencies(self, split_every=None, sort=False): """ Count number of occurrences of each distinct element. >>> b = from_sequence(['Alice', 'Bob', 'Alice']) >>> dict(b.frequencies()) # doctest: +SKIP {'Alice': 2, 'Bob', 1} """ result = self.reduction(frequencies, merge_frequencies, out_type=Bag, split_every=split_every, name='frequencies').map_partitions(dictitems) if sort: result = result.map_partitions(sorted, key=second, reverse=True) return result def topk(self, k, key=None, split_every=None): """ K largest elements in collection Optionally ordered by some key function >>> b = from_sequence([10, 3, 5, 7, 11, 4]) >>> list(b.topk(2)) # doctest: +SKIP [11, 10] >>> list(b.topk(2, lambda x: -x)) # doctest: +SKIP [3, 4] """ if key: if callable(key) and takes_multiple_arguments(key): key = partial(apply, key) func = partial(topk, k, key=key) else: func = partial(topk, k) return self.reduction(func, compose(func, toolz.concat), out_type=Bag, split_every=split_every, name='topk') def distinct(self): """ Distinct elements of collection Unordered without repeats. >>> b = from_sequence(['Alice', 'Bob', 'Alice']) >>> sorted(b.distinct()) ['Alice', 'Bob'] """ return self.reduction(set, merge_distinct, out_type=Bag, name='distinct') def reduction(self, perpartition, aggregate, split_every=None, out_type=Item, name=None): """ Reduce collection with reduction operators. Parameters ---------- perpartition: function reduction to apply to each partition aggregate: function reduction to apply to the results of all partitions split_every: int (optional) Group partitions into groups of this size while performing reduction Defaults to 8 out_type: {Bag, Item} The out type of the result, Item if a single element, Bag if a list of elements. Defaults to Item. Examples -------- >>> b = from_sequence(range(10)) >>> b.reduction(sum, sum).compute() 45 """ if split_every is None: split_every = 8 if split_every is False: split_every = self.npartitions token = tokenize(self, perpartition, aggregate, split_every) a = '%s-part-%s' % (name or funcname(perpartition), token) is_last = self.npartitions == 1 dsk = {(a, i): (empty_safe_apply, perpartition, (self.name, i), is_last) for i in range(self.npartitions)} k = self.npartitions b = a fmt = '%s-aggregate-%s' % (name or funcname(aggregate), token) depth = 0 while k > split_every: c = fmt + str(depth) dsk2 = dict(((c, i), (empty_safe_aggregate, aggregate, [(b, j) for j in inds], False)) for i, inds in enumerate(partition_all(split_every, range(k)))) dsk.update(dsk2) k = len(dsk2) b = c depth += 1 dsk[(fmt, 0)] = (empty_safe_aggregate, aggregate, [(b, j) for j in range(k)], True) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(fmt, dsk, dependencies=[self]) if out_type is Item: dsk[fmt] = dsk.pop((fmt, 0)) return Item(graph, fmt) else: return Bag(graph, fmt, 1) def sum(self, split_every=None): """ Sum all elements """ return self.reduction(sum, sum, split_every=split_every) def max(self, split_every=None): """ Maximum element """ return self.reduction(max, max, split_every=split_every) def min(self, split_every=None): """ Minimum element """ return self.reduction(min, min, split_every=split_every) def any(self, split_every=None): """ Are any of the elements truthy? """ return self.reduction(any, any, split_every=split_every) def all(self, split_every=None): """ Are all elements truthy? """ return self.reduction(all, all, split_every=split_every) def count(self, split_every=None): """ Count the number of elements. """ return self.reduction(count, sum, split_every=split_every) def mean(self): """ Arithmetic mean """ def mean_chunk(seq): total, n = 0.0, 0 for x in seq: total += x n += 1 return total, n def mean_aggregate(x): totals, counts = list(zip(*x)) return 1.0 * sum(totals) / sum(counts) return self.reduction(mean_chunk, mean_aggregate, split_every=False) def var(self, ddof=0): """ Variance """ def var_chunk(seq): squares, total, n = 0.0, 0.0, 0 for x in seq: squares += x**2 total += x n += 1 return squares, total, n def var_aggregate(x): squares, totals, counts = list(zip(*x)) x2, x, n = float(sum(squares)), float(sum(totals)), sum(counts) result = (x2 / n) - (x / n)**2 return result * n / (n - ddof) return self.reduction(var_chunk, var_aggregate, split_every=False) def std(self, ddof=0): """ Standard deviation """ return self.var(ddof=ddof).apply(math.sqrt) def join(self, other, on_self, on_other=None): """ Joins collection with another collection. Other collection must be one of the following: 1. An iterable. We recommend tuples over lists for internal performance reasons. 2. A delayed object, pointing to a tuple. This is recommended if the other collection is sizable and you're using the distributed scheduler. Dask is able to pass around data wrapped in delayed objects with greater sophistication. 3. A Bag with a single partition You might also consider Dask Dataframe, whose join operations are much more heavily optimized. Parameters ---------- other: Iterable, Delayed, Bag Other collection on which to join on_self: callable Function to call on elements in this collection to determine a match on_other: callable (defaults to on_self) Function to call on elements in the other collection to determine a match Examples -------- >>> people = from_sequence(['Alice', 'Bob', 'Charlie']) >>> fruit = ['Apple', 'Apricot', 'Banana'] >>> list(people.join(fruit, lambda x: x[0])) # doctest: +SKIP [('Apple', 'Alice'), ('Apricot', 'Alice'), ('Banana', 'Bob')] """ name = 'join-' + tokenize(self, other, on_self, on_other) dsk = {} if isinstance(other, Bag): if other.npartitions == 1: dsk.update(other.dask) other = other.__dask_keys__()[0] dsk['join-%s-other' % name] = (list, other) else: msg = ("Multi-bag joins are not implemented. " "We recommend Dask dataframe if appropriate") raise NotImplementedError(msg) elif isinstance(other, Delayed): dsk.update(other.dask) other = other._key elif isinstance(other, Iterable): other = other else: msg = ("Joined argument must be single-partition Bag, " " delayed object, or Iterable, got %s" % type(other).__name) raise TypeError(msg) if on_other is None: on_other = on_self dsk.update({(name, i): (list, (join, on_other, other, on_self, (self.name, i))) for i in range(self.npartitions)}) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return type(self)(graph, name, self.npartitions) def product(self, other): """ Cartesian product between two bags. """ assert isinstance(other, Bag) name = 'product-' + tokenize(self, other) n, m = self.npartitions, other.npartitions dsk = dict(((name, i * m + j), (list, (itertools.product, (self.name, i), (other.name, j)))) for i in range(n) for j in range(m)) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[self, other]) return type(self)(graph, name, n * m) def foldby(self, key, binop, initial=no_default, combine=None, combine_initial=no_default, split_every=None): """ Combined reduction and groupby. Foldby provides a combined groupby and reduce for efficient parallel split-apply-combine tasks. The computation >>> b.foldby(key, binop, init) # doctest: +SKIP is equivalent to the following: >>> def reduction(group): # doctest: +SKIP ... return reduce(binop, group, init) # doctest: +SKIP >>> b.groupby(key).map(lambda (k, v): (k, reduction(v)))# doctest: +SKIP But uses minimal communication and so is *much* faster. >>> b = from_sequence(range(10)) >>> iseven = lambda x: x % 2 == 0 >>> add = lambda x, y: x + y >>> dict(b.foldby(iseven, add)) # doctest: +SKIP {True: 20, False: 25} **Key Function** The key function determines how to group the elements in your bag. In the common case where your bag holds dictionaries then the key function often gets out one of those elements. >>> def key(x): ... return x['name'] This case is so common that it is special cased, and if you provide a key that is not a callable function then dask.bag will turn it into one automatically. The following are equivalent: >>> b.foldby(lambda x: x['name'], ...) # doctest: +SKIP >>> b.foldby('name', ...) # doctest: +SKIP **Binops** It can be tricky to construct the right binary operators to perform analytic queries. The ``foldby`` method accepts two binary operators, ``binop`` and ``combine``. Binary operators two inputs and output must have the same type. Binop takes a running total and a new element and produces a new total: >>> def binop(total, x): ... return total + x['amount'] Combine takes two totals and combines them: >>> def combine(total1, total2): ... return total1 + total2 Each of these binary operators may have a default first value for total, before any other value is seen. For addition binary operators like above this is often ``0`` or the identity element for your operation. **split_every** Group partitions into groups of this size while performing reduction. Defaults to 8. >>> b.foldby('name', binop, 0, combine, 0) # doctest: +SKIP See Also -------- toolz.reduceby pyspark.combineByKey """ if split_every is None: split_every = 8 if split_every is False: split_every = self.npartitions token = tokenize(self, key, binop, initial, combine, combine_initial) a = 'foldby-a-' + token if combine is None: combine = binop if initial is not no_default: dsk = {(a, i): (reduceby, key, binop, (self.name, i), initial) for i in range(self.npartitions)} else: dsk = {(a, i): (reduceby, key, binop, (self.name, i)) for i in range(self.npartitions)} def combine2(acc, x): return combine(acc, x[1]) depth = 0 k = self.npartitions b = a while k > split_every: c = b + str(depth) if combine_initial is not no_default: dsk2 = {(c, i): (reduceby, 0, combine2, (toolz.concat, (map, dictitems, [(b, j) for j in inds])), combine_initial) for i, inds in enumerate(partition_all(split_every, range(k)))} else: dsk2 = {(c, i): (merge_with, (partial, reduce, combine), [(b, j) for j in inds]) for i, inds in enumerate(partition_all(split_every, range(k)))} dsk.update(dsk2) k = len(dsk2) b = c depth += 1 e = 'foldby-b-' + token if combine_initial is not no_default: dsk[(e, 0)] = (dictitems, (reduceby, 0, combine2, (toolz.concat, (map, dictitems, [(b, j) for j in range(k)])), combine_initial)) else: dsk[(e, 0)] = (dictitems, (merge_with, (partial, reduce, combine), [(b, j) for j in range(k)])) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(e, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return type(self)(graph, e, 1) def take(self, k, npartitions=1, compute=True, warn=True): """ Take the first k elements. Parameters ---------- k : int The number of elements to return npartitions : int, optional Elements are only taken from the first ``npartitions``, with a default of 1. If there are fewer than ``k`` rows in the first ``npartitions`` a warning will be raised and any found rows returned. Pass -1 to use all partitions. compute : bool, optional Whether to compute the result, default is True. warn : bool, optional Whether to warn if the number of elements returned is less than requested, default is True. >>> b = from_sequence(range(10)) >>> b.take(3) # doctest: +SKIP (0, 1, 2) """ if npartitions <= -1: npartitions = self.npartitions if npartitions > self.npartitions: raise ValueError("only {} partitions, take " "received {}".format(self.npartitions, npartitions)) token = tokenize(self, k, npartitions) name = 'take-' + token if npartitions > 1: name_p = 'take-partial-' + token dsk = {} for i in range(npartitions): dsk[(name_p, i)] = (list, (take, k, (self.name, i))) concat = (toolz.concat, ([(name_p, i) for i in range(npartitions)])) dsk[(name, 0)] = (safe_take, k, concat, warn) else: dsk = {(name, 0): (safe_take, k, (self.name, 0), warn)} graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[self]) b = Bag(graph, name, 1) if compute: return tuple(b.compute()) else: return b def flatten(self): """ Concatenate nested lists into one long list. >>> b = from_sequence([[1], [2, 3]]) >>> list(b) [[1], [2, 3]] >>> list(b.flatten()) [1, 2, 3] """ name = 'flatten-' + tokenize(self) dsk = dict(((name, i), (list, (toolz.concat, (self.name, i)))) for i in range(self.npartitions)) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return type(self)(graph, name, self.npartitions) def __iter__(self): return iter(self.compute()) def groupby(self, grouper, method=None, npartitions=None, blocksize=2**20, max_branch=None, shuffle=None): """ Group collection by key function This requires a full dataset read, serialization and shuffle. This is expensive. If possible you should use ``foldby``. Parameters ---------- grouper: function Function on which to group elements shuffle: str Either 'disk' for an on-disk shuffle or 'tasks' to use the task scheduling framework. Use 'disk' if you are on a single machine and 'tasks' if you are on a distributed cluster. npartitions: int If using the disk-based shuffle, the number of output partitions blocksize: int If using the disk-based shuffle, the size of shuffle blocks (bytes) max_branch: int If using the task-based shuffle, the amount of splitting each partition undergoes. Increase this for fewer copies but more scheduler overhead. Examples -------- >>> b = from_sequence(range(10)) >>> iseven = lambda x: x % 2 == 0 >>> dict(b.groupby(iseven)) # doctest: +SKIP {True: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8], False: [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]} See Also -------- Bag.foldby """ if method is not None: raise Exception("The method= keyword has been moved to shuffle=") if shuffle is None: shuffle = config.get('shuffle', None) if shuffle is None: if 'distributed' in config.get('scheduler', ''): shuffle = 'tasks' else: shuffle = 'disk' if shuffle == 'disk': return groupby_disk(self, grouper, npartitions=npartitions, blocksize=blocksize) elif shuffle == 'tasks': return groupby_tasks(self, grouper, max_branch=max_branch) else: msg = "Shuffle must be 'disk' or 'tasks'" raise NotImplementedError(msg) def to_dataframe(self, meta=None, columns=None): """ Create Dask Dataframe from a Dask Bag. Bag should contain tuples, dict records, or scalars. Index will not be particularly meaningful. Use ``reindex`` afterwards if necessary. Parameters ---------- meta : pd.DataFrame, dict, iterable, optional An empty ``pd.DataFrame`` that matches the dtypes and column names of the output. This metadata is necessary for many algorithms in dask dataframe to work. For ease of use, some alternative inputs are also available. Instead of a ``DataFrame``, a ``dict`` of ``{name: dtype}`` or iterable of ``(name, dtype)`` can be provided. If not provided or a list, a single element from the first partition will be computed, triggering a potentially expensive call to ``compute``. This may lead to unexpected results, so providing ``meta`` is recommended. For more information, see ``dask.dataframe.utils.make_meta``. columns : sequence, optional Column names to use. If the passed data do not have names associated with them, this argument provides names for the columns. Otherwise this argument indicates the order of the columns in the result (any names not found in the data will become all-NA columns). Note that if ``meta`` is provided, column names will be taken from there and this parameter is invalid. Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence([{'name': 'Alice', 'balance': 100}, ... {'name': 'Bob', 'balance': 200}, ... {'name': 'Charlie', 'balance': 300}], ... npartitions=2) >>> df = b.to_dataframe() >>> df.compute() balance name 0 100 Alice 1 200 Bob 0 300 Charlie """ import pandas as pd import dask.dataframe as dd if meta is None: head = self.take(1, warn=False) if len(head) == 0: raise ValueError("`dask.bag.Bag.to_dataframe` failed to " "properly infer metadata, please pass in " "metadata via the `meta` keyword") meta = pd.DataFrame(list(head), columns=columns) elif columns is not None: raise ValueError("Can't specify both `meta` and `columns`") else: meta = dd.utils.make_meta(meta) # Serializing the columns and dtypes is much smaller than serializing # the empty frame cols = list(meta.columns) dtypes = meta.dtypes.to_dict() name = 'to_dataframe-' + tokenize(self, cols, dtypes) dsk = self.__dask_optimize__(self.dask, self.__dask_keys__()) dsk.update({(name, i): (to_dataframe, (self.name, i), cols, dtypes) for i in range(self.npartitions)}) divisions = [None] * (self.npartitions + 1) return dd.DataFrame(dsk, name, meta, divisions) def to_delayed(self, optimize_graph=True): """Convert into a list of ``dask.delayed`` objects, one per partition. Parameters ---------- optimize_graph : bool, optional If True [default], the graph is optimized before converting into ``dask.delayed`` objects. See Also -------- dask.bag.from_delayed """ from dask.delayed import Delayed keys = self.__dask_keys__() dsk = self.__dask_graph__() if optimize_graph: dsk = self.__dask_optimize__(dsk, keys) return [Delayed(k, dsk) for k in keys] def repartition(self, npartitions): """ Coalesce bag into fewer partitions. Examples -------- >>> b.repartition(5) # set to have 5 partitions # doctest: +SKIP """ new_name = 'repartition-%d-%s' % (npartitions, tokenize(self, npartitions)) if npartitions == self.npartitions: return self elif npartitions < self.npartitions: ratio = self.npartitions / npartitions new_partitions_boundaries = [int(old_partition_index * ratio) for old_partition_index in range(npartitions + 1)] dsk = {} for new_partition_index in range(npartitions): value = (list, (toolz.concat, [(self.name, old_partition_index) for old_partition_index in range(new_partitions_boundaries[new_partition_index], new_partitions_boundaries[new_partition_index + 1])])) dsk[new_name, new_partition_index] = value else: # npartitions > self.npartitions ratio = npartitions / self.npartitions split_name = 'split-%s' % tokenize(self, npartitions) dsk = {} last = 0 j = 0 for i in range(self.npartitions): new = last + ratio if i == self.npartitions - 1: k = npartitions - j else: k = int(new - last) dsk[(split_name, i)] = (split, (self.name, i), k) for jj in range(k): dsk[(new_name, j)] = (getitem, (split_name, i), jj) j += 1 last = new graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(new_name, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return Bag(graph, name=new_name, npartitions=npartitions) def accumulate(self, binop, initial=no_default): """ Repeatedly apply binary function to a sequence, accumulating results. This assumes that the bag is ordered. While this is typically the case not all Dask.bag functions preserve this property. Examples -------- >>> from operator import add >>> b = from_sequence([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], npartitions=2) >>> b.accumulate(add).compute() # doctest: +SKIP [1, 3, 6, 10, 15] Accumulate also takes an optional argument that will be used as the first value. >>> b.accumulate(add, initial=-1) # doctest: +SKIP [-1, 0, 2, 5, 9, 14] """ if not _implement_accumulate: raise NotImplementedError("accumulate requires `toolz` > 0.7.4" " or `cytoolz` > 0.7.3.") token = tokenize(self, binop, initial) binop_name = funcname(binop) a = '%s-part-%s' % (binop_name, token) b = '%s-first-%s' % (binop_name, token) c = '%s-second-%s' % (binop_name, token) dsk = {(a, 0): (accumulate_part, binop, (self.name, 0), initial, True), (b, 0): (first, (a, 0)), (c, 0): (second, (a, 0))} for i in range(1, self.npartitions): dsk[(a, i)] = (accumulate_part, binop, (self.name, i), (c, i - 1)) dsk[(b, i)] = (first, (a, i)) dsk[(c, i)] = (second, (a, i)) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(b, dsk, dependencies=[self]) return Bag(graph, b, self.npartitions) def accumulate_part(binop, seq, initial, is_first=False): if initial == no_default: res = list(accumulate(binop, seq)) else: res = list(accumulate(binop, seq, initial=initial)) if is_first: return res, res[-1] if res else [], initial return res[1:], res[-1] def partition(grouper, sequence, npartitions, p, nelements=2**20): """ Partition a bag along a grouper, store partitions on disk. """ for block in partition_all(nelements, sequence): d = groupby(grouper, block) d2 = defaultdict(list) for k, v in d.items(): d2[abs(hash(k)) % npartitions].extend(v) p.append(d2, fsync=True) return p def collect(grouper, group, p, barrier_token): """ Collect partitions from disk and yield k,v group pairs. """ d = groupby(grouper, p.get(group, lock=False)) return list(d.items()) def from_sequence(seq, partition_size=None, npartitions=None): """ Create a dask Bag from Python sequence. This sequence should be relatively small in memory. Dask Bag works best when it handles loading your data itself. Commonly we load a sequence of filenames into a Bag and then use ``.map`` to open them. Parameters ---------- seq: Iterable A sequence of elements to put into the dask partition_size: int (optional) The length of each partition npartitions: int (optional) The number of desired partitions It is best to provide either ``partition_size`` or ``npartitions`` (though not both.) Examples -------- >>> b = from_sequence(['Alice', 'Bob', 'Chuck'], partition_size=2) See Also -------- read_text: Create bag from text files """ seq = list(seq) if npartitions and not partition_size: partition_size = int(math.ceil(len(seq) / npartitions)) if npartitions is None and partition_size is None: if len(seq) < 100: partition_size = 1 else: partition_size = int(len(seq) / 100) parts = list(partition_all(partition_size, seq)) name = 'from_sequence-' + tokenize(seq, partition_size) if len(parts) > 0: d = dict(((name, i), list(part)) for i, part in enumerate(parts)) else: d = {(name, 0): []} return Bag(d, name, len(d)) def from_url(urls): """Create a dask Bag from a url. Examples -------- >>> a = from_url('http://raw.githubusercontent.com/dask/dask/master/README.rst') # doctest: +SKIP >>> a.npartitions # doctest: +SKIP 1 >>> a.take(8) # doctest: +SKIP (b'Dask\\n', b'====\\n', b'\\n', b'|Build Status| |Coverage| |Doc Status| |Gitter| |Version Status|\\n', b'\\n', b'Dask is a flexible parallel computing library for analytics. See\\n', b'documentation_ for more information.\\n', b'\\n') >>> b = from_url(['http://github.com', 'http://google.com']) # doctest: +SKIP >>> b.npartitions # doctest: +SKIP 2 """ if isinstance(urls, str): urls = [urls] name = 'from_url-' + uuid.uuid4().hex dsk = {} for i, u in enumerate(urls): dsk[(name, i)] = (list, (urlopen, u)) return Bag(dsk, name, len(urls)) def dictitems(d): """ A pickleable version of dict.items >>> dictitems({'x': 1}) [('x', 1)] """ return list(d.items()) def concat(bags): """ Concatenate many bags together, unioning all elements. >>> import dask.bag as db >>> a = db.from_sequence([1, 2, 3]) >>> b = db.from_sequence([4, 5, 6]) >>> c = db.concat([a, b]) >>> list(c) [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] """ name = 'concat-' + tokenize(*bags) counter = itertools.count(0) dsk = {(name, next(counter)): key for bag in bags for key in bag.__dask_keys__()} graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=bags) return Bag(graph, name, len(dsk)) def reify(seq): if isinstance(seq, Iterator): seq = list(seq) if seq and isinstance(seq[0], Iterator): seq = list(map(list, seq)) return seq def from_delayed(values): """ Create bag from many dask Delayed objects. These objects will become the partitions of the resulting Bag. They should evaluate to a ``list`` or some other concrete sequence. Parameters ---------- values: list of delayed values An iterable of dask Delayed objects. Each evaluating to a list. Returns ------- Bag Examples -------- >>> x, y, z = [delayed(load_sequence_from_file)(fn) ... for fn in filenames] # doctest: +SKIP >>> b = from_delayed([x, y, z]) # doctest: +SKIP See also -------- dask.delayed """ from dask.delayed import Delayed, delayed if isinstance(values, Delayed): values = [values] values = [delayed(v) if not isinstance(v, Delayed) and hasattr(v, 'key') else v for v in values] name = 'bag-from-delayed-' + tokenize(*values) names = [(name, i) for i in range(len(values))] values2 = [(reify, v.key) for v in values] dsk = dict(zip(names, values2)) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=values) return Bag(graph, name, len(values)) def merge_distinct(seqs): return set().union(*seqs) def merge_frequencies(seqs): if isinstance(seqs, Iterable): seqs = list(seqs) if not seqs: return {} first, rest = seqs[0], seqs[1:] if not rest: return first out = defaultdict(int) out.update(first) for d in rest: for k, v in iteritems(d): out[k] += v return out def bag_range(n, npartitions): """ Numbers from zero to n Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.range(5, npartitions=2) >>> list(b) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] """ size = n // npartitions name = 'range-%d-npartitions-%d' % (n, npartitions) ijs = list(enumerate(take(npartitions, range(0, n, size)))) dsk = dict(((name, i), (reify, (range, j, min(j + size, n)))) for i, j in ijs) if n % npartitions != 0: i, j = ijs[-1] dsk[(name, i)] = (reify, (range, j, n)) return Bag(dsk, name, npartitions) def bag_zip(*bags): """ Partition-wise bag zip All passed bags must have the same number of partitions. NOTE: corresponding partitions should have the same length; if they do not, the "extra" elements from the longer partition(s) will be dropped. If you have this case chances are that what you really need is a data alignment mechanism like pandas's, and not a missing value filler like zip_longest. Examples -------- Correct usage: >>> import dask.bag as db >>> evens = db.from_sequence(range(0, 10, 2), partition_size=4) >>> odds = db.from_sequence(range(1, 10, 2), partition_size=4) >>> pairs = db.zip(evens, odds) >>> list(pairs) [(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5), (6, 7), (8, 9)] Incorrect usage: >>> numbers = db.range(20) # doctest: +SKIP >>> fizz = numbers.filter(lambda n: n % 3 == 0) # doctest: +SKIP >>> buzz = numbers.filter(lambda n: n % 5 == 0) # doctest: +SKIP >>> fizzbuzz = db.zip(fizz, buzz) # doctest: +SKIP >>> list(fizzbuzzz) # doctest: +SKIP [(0, 0), (3, 5), (6, 10), (9, 15), (12, 20), (15, 25), (18, 30)] When what you really wanted was more along the lines of the following: >>> list(fizzbuzzz) # doctest: +SKIP [(0, 0), (3, None), (None, 5), (6, None), (None 10), (9, None), (12, None), (15, 15), (18, None), (None, 20), (None, 25), (None, 30)] """ npartitions = bags[0].npartitions assert all(bag.npartitions == npartitions for bag in bags) # TODO: do more checks name = 'zip-' + tokenize(*bags) dsk = dict( ((name, i), (reify, (zip,) + tuple((bag.name, i) for bag in bags))) for i in range(npartitions)) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=bags) return Bag(graph, name, npartitions) def map_chunk(f, args, bag_kwargs, kwargs): if kwargs: f = partial(f, **kwargs) args = [iter(a) for a in args] iters = list(args) if bag_kwargs: keys = list(bag_kwargs) kw_val_iters = [iter(v) for v in bag_kwargs.values()] iters.extend(kw_val_iters) kw_iter = (dict(zip(keys, k)) for k in zip(*kw_val_iters)) if args: for a, k in zip(zip(*args), kw_iter): yield f(*a, **k) else: for k in kw_iter: yield f(**k) else: for a in zip(*args): yield f(*a) # Check that all iterators are fully exhausted if len(iters) > 1: for i in iters: if isinstance(i, itertools.repeat): continue try: next(i) except StopIteration: pass else: msg = ("map called with multiple bags that aren't identically " "partitioned. Please ensure that all bag arguments " "have the same partition lengths") raise ValueError(msg) def starmap_chunk(f, x, kwargs): if kwargs: f = partial(f, **kwargs) return itertools.starmap(f, x) def unpack_scalar_dask_kwargs(kwargs): """Extracts dask values from kwargs. Currently only ``dask.bag.Item`` and ``dask.delayed.Delayed`` are supported. Returns a merged dask graph and a task resulting in a keyword dict. """ kwargs2 = {} dependencies = [] for k, v in kwargs.items(): vv, collections = unpack_collections(v) if not collections: kwargs2[k] = v else: kwargs2[k] = vv dependencies.extend(collections) if dependencies: kwargs2 = (dict, (zip, list(kwargs2), list(kwargs2.values()))) return kwargs2, dependencies def bag_map(func, *args, **kwargs): """Apply a function elementwise across one or more bags. Note that all ``Bag`` arguments must be partitioned identically. Parameters ---------- func : callable *args, **kwargs : Bag, Item, Delayed, or object Arguments and keyword arguments to pass to ``func``. Non-Bag args/kwargs are broadcasted across all calls to ``func``. Notes ----- For calls with multiple `Bag` arguments, corresponding partitions should have the same length; if they do not, the call will error at compute time. Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(range(5), npartitions=2) >>> b2 = db.from_sequence(range(5, 10), npartitions=2) Apply a function to all elements in a bag: >>> db.map(lambda x: x + 1, b).compute() [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Apply a function with arguments from multiple bags: >>> from operator import add >>> db.map(add, b, b2).compute() [5, 7, 9, 11, 13] Non-bag arguments are broadcast across all calls to the mapped function: >>> db.map(add, b, 1).compute() [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Keyword arguments are also supported, and have the same semantics as regular arguments: >>> def myadd(x, y=0): ... return x + y >>> db.map(myadd, b, y=b2).compute() [5, 7, 9, 11, 13] >>> db.map(myadd, b, y=1).compute() [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] Both arguments and keyword arguments can also be instances of ``dask.bag.Item`` or ``dask.delayed.Delayed``. Here we'll add the max value in the bag to each element: >>> db.map(myadd, b, b.max()).compute() [4, 5, 6, 7, 8] """ name = '%s-%s' % (funcname(func), tokenize(func, 'map', *args, **kwargs)) dsk = {} dependencies = [] bags = [] args2 = [] for a in args: if isinstance(a, Bag): bags.append(a) args2.append(a) elif isinstance(a, (Item, Delayed)): dependencies.append(a) args2.append((itertools.repeat, a.key)) else: args2.append((itertools.repeat, a)) bag_kwargs = {} other_kwargs = {} for k, v in kwargs.items(): if isinstance(v, Bag): bag_kwargs[k] = v bags.append(v) else: other_kwargs[k] = v other_kwargs, collections = unpack_scalar_dask_kwargs(other_kwargs) dependencies.extend(collections) if not bags: raise ValueError("At least one argument must be a Bag.") npartitions = {b.npartitions for b in bags} if len(npartitions) > 1: raise ValueError("All bags must have the same number of partitions.") npartitions = npartitions.pop() def build_args(n): return [(a.name, n) if isinstance(a, Bag) else a for a in args2] def build_bag_kwargs(n): if not bag_kwargs: return None return (dict, (zip, list(bag_kwargs), [(b.name, n) for b in bag_kwargs.values()])) dsk = {(name, n): (reify, (map_chunk, func, build_args(n), build_bag_kwargs(n), other_kwargs)) for n in range(npartitions)} # If all bags are the same type, use that type, otherwise fallback to Bag return_type = set(map(type, bags)) return_type = return_type.pop() if len(return_type) == 1 else Bag graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=bags + dependencies) return return_type(graph, name, npartitions) def map_partitions(func, *args, **kwargs): """Apply a function to every partition across one or more bags. Note that all ``Bag`` arguments must be partitioned identically. Parameters ---------- func : callable *args, **kwargs : Bag, Item, Delayed, or object Arguments and keyword arguments to pass to ``func``. Examples -------- >>> import dask.bag as db >>> b = db.from_sequence(range(1, 101), npartitions=10) >>> def div(nums, den=1): ... return [num / den for num in nums] Using a python object: >>> hi = b.max().compute() >>> hi 100 >>> b.map_partitions(div, den=hi).take(5) (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) Using an ``Item``: >>> b.map_partitions(div, den=b.max()).take(5) (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05) Note that while both versions give the same output, the second forms a single graph, and then computes everything at once, and in some cases may be more efficient. """ name = '%s-%s' % (funcname(func), tokenize(func, 'map-partitions', *args, **kwargs)) dsk = {} dependencies = [] bags = [] args2 = [] for a in args: if isinstance(a, Bag): bags.append(a) args2.append(a) elif isinstance(a, (Item, Delayed)): args2.append(a.key) dependencies.append(a) else: args2.append(a) bag_kwargs = {} other_kwargs = {} for k, v in kwargs.items(): if isinstance(v, Bag): bag_kwargs[k] = v bags.append(v) else: other_kwargs[k] = v other_kwargs, collections = unpack_scalar_dask_kwargs(other_kwargs) dependencies.extend(collections) if not bags: raise ValueError("At least one argument must be a Bag.") npartitions = {b.npartitions for b in bags} if len(npartitions) > 1: raise ValueError("All bags must have the same number of partitions.") npartitions = npartitions.pop() def build_args(n): return [(a.name, n) if isinstance(a, Bag) else a for a in args2] def build_bag_kwargs(n): if not bag_kwargs: return {} return (dict, (zip, list(bag_kwargs), [(b.name, n) for b in bag_kwargs.values()])) if kwargs: dsk = {(name, n): (apply, func, build_args(n), (merge, build_bag_kwargs(n), other_kwargs)) for n in range(npartitions)} else: dsk = {(name, n): (func,) + tuple(build_args(n)) for n in range(npartitions)} # If all bags are the same type, use that type, otherwise fallback to Bag return_type = set(map(type, bags)) return_type = return_type.pop() if len(return_type) == 1 else Bag graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=bags + dependencies) return return_type(graph, name, npartitions) def _reduce(binop, sequence, initial=no_default): if initial is not no_default: return reduce(binop, sequence, initial) else: return reduce(binop, sequence) def make_group(k, stage): def h(x): return x[0] // k ** stage % k return h def groupby_tasks(b, grouper, hash=hash, max_branch=32): max_branch = max_branch or 32 n = b.npartitions stages = int(math.ceil(math.log(n) / math.log(max_branch))) or 1 if stages > 1: k = int(math.ceil(n ** (1 / stages))) else: k = n groups = [] splits = [] joins = [] inputs = [tuple(digit(i, j, k) for j in range(stages)) for i in range(k**stages)] b2 = b.map(lambda x: (hash(grouper(x)), x)) token = tokenize(b, grouper, hash, max_branch) start = dict((('shuffle-join-' + token, 0, inp), (b2.name, i) if i < b.npartitions else []) for i, inp in enumerate(inputs)) for stage in range(1, stages + 1): group = dict((('shuffle-group-' + token, stage, inp), (groupby, (make_group, k, stage - 1), ('shuffle-join-' + token, stage - 1, inp))) for inp in inputs) split = dict((('shuffle-split-' + token, stage, i, inp), (dict.get, ('shuffle-group-' + token, stage, inp), i, {})) for i in range(k) for inp in inputs) join = dict((('shuffle-join-' + token, stage, inp), (list, (toolz.concat, [('shuffle-split-' + token, stage, inp[stage - 1], insert(inp, stage - 1, j)) for j in range(k)]))) for inp in inputs) groups.append(group) splits.append(split) joins.append(join) end = dict((('shuffle-' + token, i), (list, (dict.items, (groupby, grouper, (pluck, 1, j))))) for i, j in enumerate(join)) name = 'shuffle-' + token dsk = merge(start, end, *(groups + splits + joins)) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[b2]) return type(b)(graph, name, len(inputs)) def groupby_disk(b, grouper, npartitions=None, blocksize=2**20): if npartitions is None: npartitions = b.npartitions token = tokenize(b, grouper, npartitions, blocksize) import partd p = ('partd-' + token,) dirname = config.get('temporary_directory', None) if dirname: file = (apply, partd.File, (), {'dir': dirname}) else: file = (partd.File,) try: dsk1 = {p: (partd.Python, (partd.Snappy, file))} except AttributeError: dsk1 = {p: (partd.Python, file)} # Partition data on disk name = 'groupby-part-{0}-{1}'.format(funcname(grouper), token) dsk2 = dict(((name, i), (partition, grouper, (b.name, i), npartitions, p, blocksize)) for i in range(b.npartitions)) # Barrier barrier_token = 'groupby-barrier-' + token def barrier(args): return 0 dsk3 = {barrier_token: (barrier, list(dsk2))} # Collect groups name = 'groupby-collect-' + token dsk4 = dict(((name, i), (collect, grouper, i, p, barrier_token)) for i in range(npartitions)) dsk = merge(dsk1, dsk2, dsk3, dsk4) graph = HighLevelGraph.from_collections(name, dsk, dependencies=[b]) return type(b)(graph, name, npartitions) def empty_safe_apply(func, part, is_last): if isinstance(part, Iterator): try: _, part = peek(part) except StopIteration: if not is_last: return no_result return func(part) elif not is_last and len(part) == 0: return no_result else: return func(part) def empty_safe_aggregate(func, parts, is_last): parts2 = (p for p in parts if p is not no_result) return empty_safe_apply(func, parts2, is_last) def safe_take(n, b, warn=True): r = list(take(n, b)) if len(r) != n and warn: warnings.warn("Insufficient elements for `take`. {0} elements " "requested, only {1} elements available. Try passing " "larger `npartitions` to `take`.".format(n, len(r))) return r def random_sample(x, state_data, prob): """Filter elements of `x` by a probability `prob`. Parameters ---------- x : iterable state_data : tuple A tuple that can be passed to ``random.Random``. prob : float A float between 0 and 1, representing the probability that each element will be yielded. """ random_state = Random(state_data) for i in x: if random_state.random() < prob: yield i def random_state_data_python(n, random_state=None): """Return a list of tuples that can initialize. ``random.Random``. Parameters ---------- n : int Number of tuples to return. random_state : int or ``random.Random``, optional If an int, is used to seed a new ``random.Random``. """ if not isinstance(random_state, Random): random_state = Random(random_state) maxuint32 = 1 << 32 return [tuple(random_state.randint(0, maxuint32) for i in range(624)) for i in range(n)] def split(seq, n): """ Split apart a sequence into n equal pieces. >>> split(range(10), 3) [[0, 1, 2], [3, 4, 5], [6, 7, 8, 9]] """ if not isinstance(seq, (list, tuple)): seq = list(seq) part = len(seq) / n L = [seq[int(part * i): int(part * (i + 1))] for i in range(n - 1)] L.append(seq[int(part * (n - 1)):]) return L def to_dataframe(seq, columns, dtypes): import pandas as pd seq = reify(seq) # pd.DataFrame expects lists, only copy if necessary if not isinstance(seq, list): seq = list(seq) res = pd.DataFrame(seq, columns=list(columns)) return res.astype(dtypes, copy=False)